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Burns
5th Semester - Mr. Keene
111
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
07/08/2013

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Cards

Term
Which type of burn is caused by flame, flash, scald, or contact with hot objects?
Definition
thermal burns
Term
Which type of burn results from tissue injury and destruction from acids, alkalis, and organic compounds?
Definition
chemical burns
Term
Why can alkali burns be more difficult to manage than acid burns?
Definition
alkalis are not neutralized by the skin and tissue as readily as acids are
Term
What type of damage is caused by a smoke and inhalation injury?
Definition
damage to respiratory tract
Term
What usually protects the respiratory mucosa from smoke and inhalation injury?
Definition
the vocal cords and glottis
Term
What is the mechanism by which carbon monoxide poisoning causes harm?
Definition
carbon monoxide displaces oxygen on the hemoglobin causing hypoxia and ultimately death
Term
Carbon monoxide poisoning becomes fatal when the percentage in the body becomes greater than what?
Definition
20%
Term
What is the skin indicator with carbon monoxide poisoning?
Definition
skin becomes bright cherry red
Term
How long after an inhalation injury can pulmonary edema occur?
Definition
12-24 hrs s/p injury
Term
When pulmonary edema occurs following a burn injury what possibly will it present as?
Definition
ARDS
Term
What offers the most resistance to an electrical burn? What offers the least resistance?
Definition
most - fat and bone
least - nerves and blood vessels
Term
What causes the most life threatening effects d/t an electrical burn?
Definition
if the current passes through a major organ
Term
What is the term for damage from an electrical burn that is under the skin?
Definition
"iceberg effect"
Term
What are the two reasons a person may suffer a fracture with an electrical burn?
Definition
fall or because an electrical burn can cause muscle contractions so forceful that it fractures a bone
Term
What possibly fatal cardiovascular effects can occur as a result of an electrical injury?
Definition
immediate cardiac standstill or V-Fib; dysrhythmias can occur spontaneously during the first 24 hrs s/p injury
Term
What metabolic state can result from an electrical injury?
Definition
metabolic acidosis
Term
What renal problem may result from an electrical injury?
Definition
myoglobinuria; the released myoglobin from muscle damage is transported to the kidneys and can mechanically block the renal tubules because of their large size causing acute tubular necrosis and eventually acute renal failure
Term
What are the 4 factors that determine the severity of a burn injury?
Definition
1. depth of burn
2. extent of burn (TBSA)
3. location of burn
4. pt risk factors
Term
What layer of skin is included in a superficial partial thickness burn?
Definition
epidermis
Term
What layers of skin are included in deep partial thickness burns? What degree burns are these?
Definition
-epidermis and dermis
-1st and 2nd degree
Term
What layers of skin are included in full thickness burns? What degree burns are these?
Definition
-down to the fat, muscle, or bone
-3rd and 4th degree
Term
Burns that cover greater than what percent TBSA should be referred to a burn center?
Definition
10%
Term
Burns to what certain body parts should be referred to a burn center?
Definition
face, hands, feet, genitalia, perineum, or major joints
Term
At what degree of burn should the pt be referred to a burn center?
Definition
3rd degree
Term
Which type of burns should be referred to a burn center?
Definition
electrical, chemical, and inhalation
Term
What are two examples of a superficial partial thickness burn?
Definition
sunburn and quick heat flash
Term
What will a 1st degree burn look like?
Definition
erythema, blanching to pressure, pain and mild swelling, no vesicles or blisters (may blister and peel after 24 hrs)
Term
What will a 2nd degree burn look like?
Definition
fluid filled vesicles that are red, shiny, and wet if ruptured; severe pain caused by nerve injury, mild to moderate edema
Term
What will a 3rd or 4th degree burn look like?
Definition
dry, waxy white, leathery, hard skin, visible thrombosed vessels, no pain d/t nerve endings destroyed
Term
What is the ultimate treatment to "cure" a full thickness burn that is not required for a partial thickness burn?
Definition
skin graft
Term
What are the values assigned to the body parts for the "Rule of Nines"?
Definition
Face - 4.5% front 4.5% back
Arms - 4.5% front 4.5% back
Torso - 18% front 18% back
Groin - 1%
Legs - 9% front 9% back
Term
What are the 3 phases of burn management?
Definition
Emergent (resuscitative); acute (wound healing); rehabilitative (restorative)
Term
What immediate care should be performed for a small thermal burn (<10% TBSA)?
Definition
cover area with a clean, cool, tap water-dampened towel
Term
Cooling of a small thermal injury within what time immediately following the burn minimizes the depth of the injury?
Definition
within 1 minute
Term
How long should large burns be cooled immediately following injury?
Definition
less than 10 minutes; longer can lead to hypothermia
Term
If a large burn is submersed in cool water or covered with ice immediately following injury what can possibly result?
Definition
hypothermia and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Term
What should be done with the burn victims clothing immediately following a burn?
Definition
remove burned clothing; leave adherent clothing to be removed in the hospital;
Term
What should the burn be wrapped in immediately after cleansing while transporting the pt to the hospital?
Definition
a dry, clean sheet or blanket to prevent contamination and provide warmth
Term
What are the initial steps taken immediately following a chemical burn?
Definition
remove the solid particles from the skin and remove clothing that is contaminated; flush the affected area with copious amounts of water for 20 minutes to 2 hrs
Term
How long after a chemical burn can tissue destruction continue?
Definition
72 hrs
Term
What is the initial intervention for a pt with carbon dioxide intoxication?
Definition
100% humidified oxygen
Term
What is the time frame for the emergent phase of burn care?
Definition
time required to resolve the immediate life-threatening problem and lasts until fluid mobilization and diuresis begins; usually 72 hrs
Term
What percent TBSA burn indicates the use of IV access and Foley insertion?
Definition
greater than or equal to 15%
Term
The the burned limb be flat, elevated, or depressed?
Definition
elevated; to help prevent edema
Term
What are some interventions specific to inhalation burns?
Definition
-provide 100% humidified oxygen
-obtain ABGs, carboxyhemoglobin level, and chest x-ray
-anticipate need for fiberoptic bronchoscopy or intubation
Term
What is the greatest initial threat to life following a major burn?
Definition
hypovolemic shock
Term
What causes hypovolemic shock after major burns? How quickly following the burn can shock occur?
Definition
-increased capillary permiability
-as quickly as 20 mins s/p burn
Term
What is the term for fluid accumulation in the interstitual space?
Definition
2nd spacing
Term
What is the term for fluid accumulation where fluid is rarely or never found?
Definition
3rd spacing
Term
What are examples of 3rd spacing?
Definition
exudate, blister formation, or edema in non-burned areas
Term
Where does thrombosis occur that impairs circulating RBCs?
Definition
in the capillaries of burned tissue
Term
What happens to the hematocrit following a burn?
Definition
-initially hematocrit is high d/t hemoconcentration r/t fluid loss
-following fluid replacement hematocrit will be low d/t dilution
Term
Following a burn what happens to sodium and potassium?
Definition
-sodium shifts to the interstitial space and remains there until edema ceases
-potassium shifts out of injured cells into circulation
Term
What happens to the burn victims hematocrit?
Definition
initially will be high d/t fluid loss; following fluid resuscitation will be low d/t dilution
Term
What effect is noticed in the WBCs of a burn victim?
Definition
defects occur in the function of WBCs
Term
What effect is noticed in the abd of a burn victim?
Definition
slowed to absent bowel sounds; possible ileus
Term
What is the most likely cause of unconsciousness or altered mental status in a burn victim?
Definition
hypoxia from smoke inhalation
Term
What are the 3 most commonly affected organ systems of a burn victim?
Definition
cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary
Term
What are the 2 major cardiovascular complications most commonly noted in the burn victim?
Definition
dysrhythmias and hypovolemic shock
Term
What is an escharotomy and what is it used to treat?
Definition
it is an incision or a series of incisions made by the physician to treat circumferential burns that make breathing easier or allow circulation to extremities
Term
What causes sludging in the burn victim?
Definition
increased blood viscosity and impaired microcirculation is impaired d/t damaged capillary systems
Term
How is sludging corrected?
Definition
fluid replacement
Term
What can be used to confirm a lower airway inhalation injury?
Definition
fiberoptic bronchoscopy and carboxyhemoglobin blood levels
Term
How long after a burn can changes still occur that will be noted on the chest xray?
Definition
24-48 hrs later
Term
What 2 complications can result from too vigorous fluid resuscitation?
Definition
heart failure and pulmonary edema
Term
Is the burn pt at an increased risk for VTE?
Definition
yes
Term
How does hypovolemia ultimately damage the kidneys?
Definition
hypovolemia causes decreased blood flow which leads to renal ischemia which leads to acute renal failure
Term
How can full-thickness and electrical burns cause renal damage?
Definition
myoglobin (from muscle cell breakdown) and hemoglobin (from RBC breakdown) are released into the bloodstream and occlude renal tubules
Term
How is the occlusion of renal tubules by hemoglobin and myoglobin treated?
Definition
fluid replacement
Term
How soon after suffering a major burn to the neck and face should a pt be intubated?
Definition
within 1-2 hrs
Term
How soon after a suspected smoke inhalation injury should the pt receive a fiberoptic bronchoscopy?
Definition
within 6-12 hrs
Term
What are the treatments to promote oxygenation of the burn pt who is not intubated?
Definition
-100% humidified oxygen
-high Fowlers position
-cough and deep breathe q 1 hr
-reposition q 1-2 hrs
-chest PT and suction PRN
Term
What is the the Parkland formula for fluid replacement?
Definition
4 mL/kg/%TBSA; 1/2 given in first 8 hrs 1/4 given over each of next 2 8 hrs
-time starts at time of injury
Term
What is the Brooke formula for fluid replacement?
Definition
2 mL/kg/%TBSA; 1/2 given in first 8 hrs 1/2 given over next 16 hrs
-time starts at time of injury
Term
At what percent TBSA should 2 large bore IVs be inserted?
Definition
15%
Term
At what percent TBSA should a central line be considered?
Definition
30%
Term
How soon after injury can colloids be started and why the delay?
Definition
12-24 hrs; after this time the colloids will stay in the vascular space and pull fluid back in
Term
What is the amount of colloids that should be infused in the 2nd 24 hrs?
Definition
0.3-0.5 mL/kg/%TBSA
Term
What is the most commonly used parameter to assess adequacy of fluid replacement?
Definition
UOP of 0.5-1.0 mL/kg/hr
or 75-100 mL/hr for electrical burn with evidence of hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria
Term
What are the CV factors used to assess adequacy of fluid resuscitation?
Definition
-MAP greater than 65
-systolic greater than 90
-HR less than 120/min
Term
What do partial thickness burns look like?
Definition
pink to cherry red; wet and shiny with serous exudate; possible blisters
Term
What do full thickness burns look like?
Definition
dry and waxy white to dark brown/black
Term
Burn pt shower water shouldn't exceed what temperature?
Definition
104F
Term
How long can some of the newer antimicrobial dressings be left in place?
Definition
3-14 days
Term
Describe the open method of wound dressing.
Definition
the burn is covered with a topical antimicrobial and no dressing
Term
Describe the closed method of wound dressing.
Definition
sterile gauze dressings are impregnated with topical antimicrobial and changed every 12-24 hrs or up to every 14 days
Term
What should you wear when removing dirty dressings and washing the dirty burn wound?
Definition
nonsterile gloves
Term
What should you wear when applying ointment and sterile dressings to the burn?
Definition
sterile gloves
Term
What temperature should the room of a burn pt be kept?
Definition
approximately 85F
Term
Why is the face normally not wrapped following a burn?
Definition
because the face is highly vascular and subject to a great amount of edema
Term
Why should the pt with ear burns not use a pillow?
Definition
ears are poorly vascularized, need to be protected from pressure, and could stick to the pillow
Term
How should a burned hand be positioned?
Definition
elevated and splinted to a position of function
Term
How soon is physical therapy began?
Definition
as earlier as possible
Term
What are the 4 benefits of early ROM for the burn pt?
Definition
-mobilizes fluid back into the vascular space
-maintains function
-prevents contractures
-reassures pt movement is still possible
Term
What are the 3 reasons analgesics should be given IV to the burn pt?
Definition
-onset of action is faster
-GI function is slowed or impaired
-IM injections won't be absorbed; this can lead to pooling and overdose when fluid shifts back
Term
If the burn pt hasn't received a tetanus shot in ____ years, a vaccination should be considered.
Definition
10 years
Term
Why are systemic antibiotics not typically used in the burn pt?
Definition
because there is poor or no blood supply to the wound so the medicine will not be supplied to the wound
Term
What type of dressing can be left in place from 3-14 days?
Definition
Silver-impregnated
Term
In what situation should systemic antibiotics be used with a burn pt?
Definition
sepsis
Term
What nutritional supplements should be added for the burn pt?
Definition
supplements high in calories or milk shakes; also protein powders and supplemental vitamins
Term
What should the feeding rate be started at for a burn pt? How quickly should the goal rate be reached?
Definition
-began slowly at 20-40 mL/hr
-aim to reach goal within 24-48 hrs
Term
What events determine the beginning and end of the acute phase of burn treatment?
Definition
-begins with diruesis and mobilization of fluid
-ends with burns being covered with grafts or wounds healed
Term
In what direction will a burn heal?
Definition
from the edges
Term
What must be removed for re-epithelialization to occur?
Definition
eschar
Term
How soon will a partial thickness burn heal?
Definition
10-21 days
Term
A burn pt will prefer to assume a flexed posture, why can this be harmful?
Definition
contracture can occur with wound healing
Term
What is the best way to prevent Cushings ulcer?
Definition
feeding the pt as soon as possible
Term
Is there an increase or decrease in glucose levels during the acute burn phase?
Definition
increase
Term
Is there an increase or decrease in insulin production with the burn pt?
Definition
increase; however insulin's effectiveness is decreased
Term
What is used to remove the old antimicrobial agent and loose necrotic tissue?
Definition
soap and water or normal saline moistened gauze
Term
What is the best way to evacuate blebs from the graft site?
Definition
aspiration with a tuberculin syringe
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