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Bugs Exam 1
Study Cards
42
Science
Undergraduate 2
02/11/2009

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Term
How many species of insects are known to exist on earth? Where and by what are they outnumbered?
Definition
Over 750,000 on earth. Crustaceans outnumber them in the oceans.
Term
What does the word "arthropod" mean?
Definition
"Jointed foot"
Term
What four characteristics make arthropods distinct from all other animals?
Definition
1) A segmented body
2) Jointed appendages
3) Hard skeleton on the outside of the body (exoskeleton)
4)The need to periodically shed and regrow external skeleton (molting) in order to grow.
Term
What are the five principal arthropod classes?
Definition
Hexapoda: Hexapods (Includes Insecta),
Crustacea: Crustaceans,
Diplopoda: Diplopods,
Chilopoda: Chilopods,
Arachnida: Arachnids
Term
What are the four main features of the Class Hexapoda?
Definition
Three body regions (head, thorax, abdomen); three pairs of legs (all attached to the thorax); one pair antennae; typically two pairs of wings (usually) in adult stage.
Term
What are the three main features of the Class Crustacea?
Definition
Five to seven pairs of legs; two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen); two pairs of antennae (one usually much longer than the other)
Term
What are the four main features of the Class Diplopoda?
Definition
Enlongate; usually rounded bodies; numerous body segments (typically around 50); two pairs of small legs on most segments.
Term
What are the four main features of the Class Chilopoda?
Definition
Enlongate; flattened bodies; 14 to 20 body segments; one pair of legs on most segments
Term
What are the three main features of the Class Arachnida?
Definition
Four pairs of legs; two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen); no antennae.
Term
What are the common names for the five principal classes of Arthropods?
Definition
Insects, Crustaceans, Millipedes, centipedes, Arachnids
Term
Who developed the system of giving organisms universally understood scientific names? What are these scientific names called?
Definition
Swedish physician/botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. They are called binomial nomenclature.
Term
What is the order of scientific classifications?
Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Term
What are the five features used to classify the different orders of insects?
Definition
Antennae, Mouthparts, Legs, Wings, Metamorphosis
Term
Give four problems associated with having a large size?
Definition
1) Need for extensive support structures
2) Large amount of energy needed to overcome inertia
3) Large amount of energy needed to sustain movement
4) Large amount of land needed to survive
Term
What is the concept of the surface area/volume ratio?
Definition
Surface area increases as the square of the length. Volume increases as the cube of the length.

As animals get larger, they have proportionally less surface area compared to volume.
Term
What are three advantages to being small?
Definition
1) Can exploit ecological niches
2) Gravitational forces are much smaller and not an issue (Kinetic energy increases to 5th power of length)
3) Gain access to nutrients which are too meager to support larger life forms.
Term
Why is the analogy, "If a man were as strong as an ant, he could pull two boxcars without sweating," false?
Definition
Because muscle strength is proportional to cross section; less effect from inertia with smaller sizes.
Term
Name two problems associated with having a small size.
Definition
1) Air resistance is a much bigger factor and much stronger than when large
2) Water loss is problem because of small surface area to volume ratio.
Term
What does the exoskeleton protect from and prevent?
Definition
Prevents water loss and protects against pesticides and other poisons.
Term
What does the exoskeleton provide a rigid framework for?
Definition
The muscle structure attached to the inside of the skeleton.
Term
What feature of the exoskeleton allows the arthropod to breathe?
Definition
Tiny holes called spiracles.
Term
What is the scientific term for molting?
Definition
Ecdysis
Term
What are the plates of the body named?
Definition
sclerites
Term
What are apodemes and sutures and what are their functions?
Definition
Apodemes are infoldings in the exoskeleton to which muscles are attached. Sutures are the joining points/lines between different sclerites which add reinforcement.
Term
What chemical is the exoskeleton primarily made up of? What other proteins might be incorporated into this chemical?
Definition
Chitin, a polysaccharide. sclerotin, resilin, arthropodin to make a glycoprotein mixture.
Term
What is the name for the exoskeleton's hardening process?
Definition
Sclerotization, or "tanning"
Term
Look at illustration on pg. 11 in notes.
Definition
Fig 2.1
Term
What is the main function of the epicuticle? What is the special layer within this cuticle?
Definition
Reduce water loss and block invasion of harmful outside matter. Cuticulin layer is the inner most layer of epicuticle.
Term
What is the function of the epidermis? What can it also be called?
Definition
Produces part of the basement membrane and all of the overlying layers of cuticle.
Term
What is the function of the basement membrane?
Definition
It is a supportive backing for the epidermal cells, and effectively separates the hemocoel from the rest of the exoskeleton.
Term
What is the difference between the two types of cuticular extensions?
Definition
Spines have several functions but are non-sensory. Setae are sensory and have specialized epidermal cells (trichogen and tormogen).
Term
What is an Instar?
Definition
The stages between molts.
Term
Look at illustration on pg.14
Definition
Figure 2.5
Term
What is the name of the first stage of molting? What is the name of the "cast skin?"
Definition
Apolysis, Exuvia
Term
How does the insect expand its new, unsclerotized exoskeleton?
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure from muscle contraction.
Term
What is the general name for the different parts of the body?
Definition
Tagmata
Term
What are the five main mouthparts?
Definition
Labrum, Mandibles, Hypopharynx, Maxillae, Labium
Term
What are the five common modifications of mouthparts and what is one example of each type?
Definition
Basic chewing (grasshoppers), piercing-sucking/plant feeders (aphids), piercing-sucking/blood feeders (mosquitos), siphoning (butterflies), lapping (house flies).
Term
What are the functional units of the compound eyes called?
Definition
Ommatidium
Term
What is the basic function of the compound eye? What is the maximum angle perceived by these eyes?
Definition
Detect light intensity. 20 degrees per ommatidium.
Term
What is the other name for simple eyes? What are their function?
Definition
Ocelli, can detect dark/light.
Term
What are the antennae covered with? What are the four types of these organs?
Definition
Sensory organs called sensillae. Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Hygroreceptors.
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