Term
| How many species of insects are known to exist on earth? Where and by what are they outnumbered? |
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Definition
| Over 750,000 on earth. Crustaceans outnumber them in the oceans. |
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Term
| What does the word "arthropod" mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four characteristics make arthropods distinct from all other animals? |
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Definition
1) A segmented body
2) Jointed appendages
3) Hard skeleton on the outside of the body (exoskeleton)
4)The need to periodically shed and regrow external skeleton (molting) in order to grow. |
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Term
| What are the five principal arthropod classes? |
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Definition
Hexapoda: Hexapods (Includes Insecta),
Crustacea: Crustaceans,
Diplopoda: Diplopods,
Chilopoda: Chilopods,
Arachnida: Arachnids |
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Term
| What are the four main features of the Class Hexapoda? |
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Definition
| Three body regions (head, thorax, abdomen); three pairs of legs (all attached to the thorax); one pair antennae; typically two pairs of wings (usually) in adult stage. |
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Term
| What are the three main features of the Class Crustacea? |
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Definition
| Five to seven pairs of legs; two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen); two pairs of antennae (one usually much longer than the other) |
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Term
| What are the four main features of the Class Diplopoda? |
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Definition
| Enlongate; usually rounded bodies; numerous body segments (typically around 50); two pairs of small legs on most segments. |
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Term
| What are the four main features of the Class Chilopoda? |
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Definition
| Enlongate; flattened bodies; 14 to 20 body segments; one pair of legs on most segments |
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Term
| What are the three main features of the Class Arachnida? |
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Definition
| Four pairs of legs; two body regions (cephalothorax and abdomen); no antennae. |
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Term
| What are the common names for the five principal classes of Arthropods? |
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Definition
| Insects, Crustaceans, Millipedes, centipedes, Arachnids |
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Term
| Who developed the system of giving organisms universally understood scientific names? What are these scientific names called? |
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Definition
| Swedish physician/botanist Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s. They are called binomial nomenclature. |
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Term
| What is the order of scientific classifications? |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
| What are the five features used to classify the different orders of insects? |
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Definition
| Antennae, Mouthparts, Legs, Wings, Metamorphosis |
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Term
| Give four problems associated with having a large size? |
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Definition
1) Need for extensive support structures
2) Large amount of energy needed to overcome inertia
3) Large amount of energy needed to sustain movement
4) Large amount of land needed to survive |
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Term
| What is the concept of the surface area/volume ratio? |
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Definition
Surface area increases as the square of the length. Volume increases as the cube of the length.
As animals get larger, they have proportionally less surface area compared to volume. |
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Term
| What are three advantages to being small? |
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Definition
1) Can exploit ecological niches
2) Gravitational forces are much smaller and not an issue (Kinetic energy increases to 5th power of length)
3) Gain access to nutrients which are too meager to support larger life forms. |
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Term
| Why is the analogy, "If a man were as strong as an ant, he could pull two boxcars without sweating," false? |
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Definition
| Because muscle strength is proportional to cross section; less effect from inertia with smaller sizes. |
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Term
| Name two problems associated with having a small size. |
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Definition
1) Air resistance is a much bigger factor and much stronger than when large
2) Water loss is problem because of small surface area to volume ratio. |
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Term
| What does the exoskeleton protect from and prevent? |
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Definition
| Prevents water loss and protects against pesticides and other poisons. |
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Term
| What does the exoskeleton provide a rigid framework for? |
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Definition
| The muscle structure attached to the inside of the skeleton. |
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Term
| What feature of the exoskeleton allows the arthropod to breathe? |
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Definition
| Tiny holes called spiracles. |
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Term
| What is the scientific term for molting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the plates of the body named? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are apodemes and sutures and what are their functions? |
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Definition
| Apodemes are infoldings in the exoskeleton to which muscles are attached. Sutures are the joining points/lines between different sclerites which add reinforcement. |
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Term
| What chemical is the exoskeleton primarily made up of? What other proteins might be incorporated into this chemical? |
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Definition
| Chitin, a polysaccharide. sclerotin, resilin, arthropodin to make a glycoprotein mixture. |
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Term
| What is the name for the exoskeleton's hardening process? |
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Definition
| Sclerotization, or "tanning" |
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Term
| Look at illustration on pg. 11 in notes. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main function of the epicuticle? What is the special layer within this cuticle? |
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Definition
| Reduce water loss and block invasion of harmful outside matter. Cuticulin layer is the inner most layer of epicuticle. |
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Term
| What is the function of the epidermis? What can it also be called? |
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Definition
| Produces part of the basement membrane and all of the overlying layers of cuticle. |
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Term
| What is the function of the basement membrane? |
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Definition
| It is a supportive backing for the epidermal cells, and effectively separates the hemocoel from the rest of the exoskeleton. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the two types of cuticular extensions? |
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Definition
| Spines have several functions but are non-sensory. Setae are sensory and have specialized epidermal cells (trichogen and tormogen). |
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Term
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Definition
| The stages between molts. |
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Term
| Look at illustration on pg.14 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the first stage of molting? What is the name of the "cast skin?" |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the insect expand its new, unsclerotized exoskeleton? |
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Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure from muscle contraction. |
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Term
| What is the general name for the different parts of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five main mouthparts? |
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Definition
| Labrum, Mandibles, Hypopharynx, Maxillae, Labium |
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Term
| What are the five common modifications of mouthparts and what is one example of each type? |
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Definition
| Basic chewing (grasshoppers), piercing-sucking/plant feeders (aphids), piercing-sucking/blood feeders (mosquitos), siphoning (butterflies), lapping (house flies). |
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Term
| What are the functional units of the compound eyes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basic function of the compound eye? What is the maximum angle perceived by these eyes? |
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Definition
| Detect light intensity. 20 degrees per ommatidium. |
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Term
| What is the other name for simple eyes? What are their function? |
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Definition
| Ocelli, can detect dark/light. |
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Term
| What are the antennae covered with? What are the four types of these organs? |
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Definition
| Sensory organs called sensillae. Chemoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, Hygroreceptors. |
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