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| A centralized government system in which local or subdivisional govrenments exercise only those powers given to them by the central governement |
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| A system of government consisting of a league of independent staes, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states. |
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| Powers specifically ranted to the national government by the Constitution. The first 17 clauses of Article 1 section 8, specify most of the enumerated powers of Congress. |
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| Elastic Clause, or Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| The clause in Article 1 Section 8 that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers. |
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| The authority to legislate for the protection of the health, morals, safety, and welfare of the people. In the United States, most police power is a reserved power of the states. |
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| Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. |
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| The Constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws. |
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| Activities, problems, and policies that require state governments to interact with one another. |
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| An agreement between two or more states. Agreements on minor matters are made without congressional consent, but any compact that tends to increase the power of the contracting states relative to other states or relative to the national government generally requires the consent of Congress. Such compacts serve as a means by which states can solve regional problems. |
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| The section of the Constitution in which Congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries. |
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| An order issued by a court to compel or restrain the performance of an act by and individual or entity. |
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| The act of nullifying or rendering void. |
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| The act of formally withdrawing from membership in an alliance; the withdrawal of a state from the federal Union. |
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| A system of government in which the states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres. The doctrine looks on nation and state as coequal sovereign powers. It holds that acts of states within their reserved powers are legitimate limitations on the powers of the national government. |
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| The theory that the states and the national government should cooperate in solving problems. |
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| A model of federalism in which specific programs and policies (depicted as vertical pickets in a fence) involve all levels of government- national, state, and local (depicted by the horizonatl boards in a picket fence). |
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| Categorical Grants in Aid |
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| Federal grants in aid to states or local governments that are for very specific programs or projects. |
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| For many categorical grant programs, money that the stae must provide to match the federal funds. Some programs require the state to raise only 10 percent of the funds, whereas others approach an even share. |
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| A method for adjusting the amount of money that a stae must provide to recieve federal funds. The formula used takes into account the wealth of the state or its ability to tax its citizens. |
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| A plan both to limit the national government's power to regulate and to restore power to state governments. Essentially, the new federalism is designed to give the staes greater ability to decide for themselves how government revenues should be spent. |
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| Federal programs that provide funds to state and local governments for general functional areas such as criminal justice or mental health programs. |
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| A requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply with certain rules. |
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