Term
| What are some advantages of an arthropod exoskeleton? |
|
Definition
-exploit ecological niches ex.fruit flies
-nutrients
-small mass gravity effect is low
-energy increases
-water retention |
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Term
| What are some limitations of the arthropod exoskeleton? |
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Definition
-air resistance
-high amounts of water loss |
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Term
| What are some benefits of the arthropod exoskeloton? |
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Definition
-protection
-ridgid frame work for internal muscles
-joined apendages
-develop useful structures |
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Term
| What are the apodemes and sutures? What are they used for? |
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Definition
apodemas- a fold
they are used for tissue attachment and general structure
sutures- external evidence (grooves in the exoskeleton) of apodemas
they are used for reinforcements |
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Term
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Definition
| a polysaccharide mainly made of protien (chain grain laying in all different layers and directions) |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of protein substances that forms the cuticles of insects. It provides physical toughness to the insect's chitinous exoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| an elastomeric (elastic) protein found in many arthropods |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what is the primary consituent of the arthropod exoskeloton? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the hardening process called "tanning" of the exoskeloton; becomes water soluble |
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Term
| What are the different layers of the exoskeloton? |
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Definition
Epocuticle
exocuticle
Endocuticle
Epidermis
Basement Membrane
Cuticular extensions |
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Term
|
Definition
| waterproofing mostly mad of chiten |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides exoskeloten support and ungergoes scelertozation |
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Term
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Definition
| allows flexibility; not schlerotized |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Function: Basement Membrane |
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Definition
| Helps regulate flow of nutrients into and out of epidermis |
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Term
| Function: Cuticular Extensions |
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Definition
Spines-Several functions but non-sensory; non-movable helps provide support and provides flexibility
Setae- have special associated epidermal cells;scaled; sensory functions |
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Term
| What is molting? and what is involved? |
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Definition
| shedding of the epicuticle, and the exocuticle |
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Term
|
Definition
segments grouped for specialized functions
-defined sections |
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Term
|
Definition
body regions
-head
-thorax
-abdomen |
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Term
| What function occurs in the head? |
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Definition
| organs for ingestion and some sensory |
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Term
| What are the general strutures of the mouthparts? |
|
Definition
-labrum:upper lip
-mandible: chewing
-maxillae: move food in
-labium: lower lip
-HYPOPHARYNX: tongue |
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Term
| What are some modifications of the toungue? |
|
Definition
chewing
piercing plant
piercing blood
siphoning
lapping |
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Term
| What are the differences between simple and compound eyes? |
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Definition
Compound Eyes: Do not see color; hexagonal or rounded; sharp vision
Simple Eyes- detect light and dark |
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Term
| What are the functions of antennae and what are some various forms that they can have? |
|
Definition
they are the key sensory organ packed with receptors
key forms:
scape
sclerite
pedicel
flagellum |
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Term
| What are the different sensory organs associated with the antennae? |
|
Definition
-chemoreceptors: taste, smell
-mechanoreceptors: sound vibration
-Thermoreceptors:
-Hygroreceptors: |
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Term
| what are the three segments of the thorax? |
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Definition
prothorax
mesothorax
metathorax |
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Term
|
Definition
| no wings, spriracles found, legs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| if 2 pairs of wings, pairs of legs |
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Term
| Under what stage does the insect have wings? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures are found in the abdomen? and some modifications? |
|
Definition
lack appendages; spiracles present; genetalia;
cerci:
prolonged projection for sensory or tool |
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Term
| What are the basic regions of the digestive system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only living cells for food by epicutical, allows nutrients to move into body |
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Term
|
Definition
| no further digestion, regulates salt and water balance |
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Term
| Which regions of digestion go through molting? |
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Definition
| the foregut and the hindgut |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the excleratory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the malpighian tubules? what structure in the human body are they similar too? |
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Definition
| floats in the blood to function as kidneys |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| solution of inorganic ions, lipids, sugars, amino acids, protiens (transports nutrients, waste, and produces hormones) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| filled with hemoceol almost like human blood |
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Term
| What are the functions of the dorsal vessel and basement membrane? |
|
Definition
gateway between insect blood and the living cells
dorsal vessel: the heart pushes blood throughout the body |
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Term
| What are the functions of arthropod blood? |
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Definition
1. transport: nutrients, waste produces hormones
2. storage: H2O and ions
3. Hydratic function: (pressure) |
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Term
| What is meant by the open circulatory system? |
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Definition
| no direct system to transport blood and nutrients to cells "float" |
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Term
| What is the difference between the human vs insect circulatory system? |
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Definition
| There is no O2 in our blood unlike theres |
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Term
| What are the parts of the ventrilatory system? |
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Definition
Spiracle: Holes in the side of the body how they breath
Trachea:
a)taenilda: gives the trachea stength
b) air sacs: enlargements for sound
c) tracheoles: moves O2 to the cells |
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Term
| What are the functions of the ventrilatory system? |
|
Definition
Diffusion (passive): occurs whether is lower o2 levels in the cells
Ventilation (active): through the activities air sacs (muscular, body movements) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the fat body? |
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Definition
large organs for intermediary metabolism
-stores compounds |
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Term
| How does the insect fat body resmemble or differ from the human system? |
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Definition
| its comparible to the liver????? |
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Term
|
Definition
| special organ for storage of sperm until eggs are ready to lay |
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|
Term
| Function: Accesory Glands |
|
Definition
Male: nutrient pockets for sperm
Female: nutrient packet for eggs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Why is the knowledge of acetycholine/acetyl cholisterase important in early developement? |
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Definition
| it is important for insecticide because it helps nerves firing blocks acetylchonestrate |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a mini brain that controls specific are down ventral cord |
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Term
| what are the three primary ganglion that make up the insect brain and their functions? |
|
Definition
Tritocerebrum: associated with mouth parts
Deutocerebrum: antannae
Protocerebrum: visual input/ sensory |
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Term
| What is the function of mushroom bodies? |
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Definition
| this is where the learning occurs |
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Term
| How does the insect nervous system resemble/ differ from the human nervous system? |
|
Definition
resembles humsn
-at cell level
-no centralized brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| appears mysteriously spreads spontaneoulsy and contains hummor and horror which is false and believed to be true |
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Term
| What are red flags that may indicate that may indicate that something may be an urban legend? |
|
Definition
testimony from big wigs
use of brand names
outlandish size and shape color |
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Term
| Of the legends discussed in class know which ones were false? |
|
Definition
insects that bore in the head
living in hair because of style
eating 8 spiders in sleep |
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Term
| What is a juvenile hormone, what is its primary function, and the structure it produces? |
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Definition
| tells what stage to molt in, goes down every stage |
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Term
| What is ecdysone, the primary function and what produces it? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the stages of ametabolous metamorphosis? |
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Definition
| no meta morph just become larger and never change form |
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Term
| Stages of simple metamorphosis? |
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Definition
| 1st instar nymph-2nd-3rd-4th-adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st instar larva-2nd instar larva-3d instar larva-pupa-adult-egg |
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|
Term
| What does temperature and time have on insect developement? |
|
Definition
rate of developement correlated with temperature
degree days
-prediction of development with temperature
they stay alive longer the colder it is |
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Term
| What is the quiescence and how it is terminated |
|
Definition
halt or showing in development due to unfavorable conditions
-terminated when temperatures or ruinstops |
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|
Term
| What is the quiescence and how it is terminated |
|
Definition
| halt or slowing of developement in direct response to unfavorable conditions (temperature,humidity,etc) Termination of this condition occurs with resumption of favorable conditions |
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|
Term
| What is diapause and how is diapause terminated? |
|
Definition
arrested developement in combination with adaptive physiological changes
-Termination of this condition occurs with resumption of favorable conditions |
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Term
| What is voltinism and what are the three types? |
|
Definition
Univoltine: 1 generations per year
Bivoltine: 2 generation per year
Multivoltine: 3 multiple generations per year |
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Term
| What are life history and habits of sow bugs and pill bugs? |
|
Definition
adapted to life on land and live in dark places
Pillbugs-(roly-poly) aka potato bug
Sowbugs-(porcello) less armored, tail-like apendages, apparent |
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Term
| What are the similarities/differences to insects? |
|
Definition
Head, thorax, abdomen,
Thorax:7 large overlapping plates with 7 pairs of legs
Abdomen: 6 segments (pleopods gills)
Eyes: simple ocilli or maybe a loose cluster
Antennae: two pairs (1 short, other prominent) |
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Term
|
Definition
| takes large dead material and breaks it down primarily scavengers of dead plant matter |
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Term
| How many stages does it take for pillbugs/sow bugs to molt? |
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Definition
| 2 stages of molting, the front first and the back last, protects from leaf crushing |
|
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Term
| what is unique about there mating? |
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Definition
| there reproduction is simple,marsupian pocket for eggs |
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Term
| What are the physical features of Diplopoda? |
|
Definition
Elongated wormlike; most body segments have two pairs of legs per segment; 5-6 segmented head
Similarities to insects include:
tracheal system
malpighian tubules |
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Term
| What is the history and habits of Diplopoda? |
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Definition
| most are scavengers that feed off of decaying plant material (they tend to hide) |
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Term
| What is anamorphic developement? |
|
Definition
| addition of body segments legs with each molt |
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Term
| What defenses do millipedes have? |
|
Definition
oozes irritants
explodes sedatives |
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Term
| What are the physical features that make chlopoda class distinctive? |
|
Definition
Distint head, frequently have pseudohead at tip of the abdomen
Single pair of legs/body segment (most have 15-23 pairs)
Only some soil centipedes exceed 100
-Single pair of antennae
-Simple Eyes |
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Term
| What is the life history and habits of Chilopoda |
|
Definition
Predators with nocturnal activity
-mouthparts are used to chew and crush |
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|
Term
|
Definition
maxillapedes are more modified and have legs to puncture
-modified legs/hardened
-slit like opening at tip
-contain cytolysin |
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Term
| Do centipedes make good mothers? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| yes because they tend their eggs |
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Term
| What are the physical features of the arachnida class? |
|
Definition
two body regions:
-cephalothorax
-abdomen
six pairs of apendages
Chelicerae- (fangs cut and crush prey)
Pedipalp- small orlange (help feed, sensory)
4 pairs of legs
eyes-simple type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of CO2, tracheal system and or book lungs |
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|
Term
| What are the physical features of aranae? |
|
Definition
Pedipalp in males is mdified with tips enlarged
-Breathe through a combination of book lungs, with tip enlarged
-Eyes: simple eyes, large eyes for hunting
Spinnerets-typically 3 pair (special type of organ that produces silk) |
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Term
| How does the digestive and circulatory system work? |
|
Definition
open circulatory system. The spider's simple heart -- a tube surrounded by a muscle, with a one-way valve on each end -- pumps blood into the body cavity, all around the spider's organs
The digestive system works the same way as a human digestive system does the spider consumes the nutrients and it digests it through the stomach and through the anus. |
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Term
| What are the habits of some common spiders that live in Colorado? |
|
Definition
The habits are there are some:
Webspinners:
-Cobweb Spider
-Orb weavers
-Cellar Spiders
Passive/Ambush Spiders:
-Funnel weaver spiders
-Crab Spiders
-Tarantulas
Active Hunters
-jumping spiders
-wolf spiders
-dysdera crocta
-long legged sac spiders |
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Term
| What occurred in the Tarantism phenomenon? What were the potential causes/cure? |
|
Definition
The greatest spider fear of all time, centerend around the city of Taranto/southern Italy (first case in 1370)
Music and dancing was thought to be a antidote |
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Term
| What are the properties of spider silk, what is it used for by spiders and what do humans use it for? |
|
Definition
Noted for strength and elasticity
Breaking point second only to fused quartz fibers
Threads may stretch full length before breaking
-very durable
Humans use spider silk for crosshairs, bandages, fishing, silk for textiles |
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Term
| What are the different types of venom's and what spiders are associated with each type? |
|
Definition
Neurotoxic Venom- nausia, death due to blood pressure (black widow, red backed spider
Cytotoxic Venom- involves tissue death; individual response varies greatly due to immune responses (brown recluse) |
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Term
| What are the key features in the brown recluse? |
|
Definition
reclusive in habits
rarely contact humans
spiders behind pictures
corner spiders |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between neurotoxic ans cytotoxic venoms? |
|
Definition
Neurotoxic venom is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells
and Cytotoxin is involving tissue death (individual response varies greatly due to immune responses) |
|
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Term
| What are the physical features, life history and habits of Opiliones? |
|
Definition
Physical Features:
-Globular body without distinct regions
-Cephalothorax/abdomen appear fused
-Long spindley legs(front pair used for walking sensory)
-two eyes, mounted on a large dorsal tubercle
-No poisen glands
Life History and Habits:
Food: dead dying insects (some aphids)
Mating: Direct mating
-Females lay eggs via a long eversible ovipositor, bury eggs in soil, under tree bark, or into plant stems
-One year life cycle;mature in late summer. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
may readily loose legs when confronted by predator
-cannot regenerate legs |
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|
Term
| What are the physical features, life history, and habits of scorpions? |
|
Definition
Physical Features:
-4 pairs of legs
-segments of mouthparts elaborated
-claw-like chelae
-Stinger
(fluoresce under black light)
Life History and Habits:
Mating and Developement:
-complicated dance that may last for hours
-time to develope 6-83 months
-some live to be 20-25 years
Feeding:
-crush and allow sucking fluids by chelicerae
-grab prey with leglike pedipalps
-stinger almost exclusively for defense |
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Term
| What is the medical importance of scorpions? |
|
Definition
-only about 20-25 spcies considered medically important (have potentially significant human health effects)
-most produce sting similar to a wasp or bee sting |
|
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Term
| What are the physical features, life history and habits of the order soligugae? |
|
Definition
Physical Features:
-feed by sucking out fluids with their chelicerae
-leglike pedipalps (used to manipulate prey and allow climbing)
-fast moving
-no poisen glands have been identified
camel spider of some web traffic of the mid-east |
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|
Term
| What is the life history and habits of ticks and mites? (Acari) |
|
Definition
Habits:
-water
-land
-plants
-soil
Feeding Habits:
-plants
-parasites
-fungi
-decaying plant matter
-insects |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hard ticks and soft ticks? What features make each unique? |
|
Definition
Hard Ticks:
-scutellum: large plate behind head
-mouthparts directed forward
-Host association: feed on multiple hosts around entire life; drop between molts
Soft Ticks:
-lack hard dorsal plate (scutellum)
-mouthparts directed downward
-Asociation with host: feed for sometime |
|
|
Term
| What are some common diseases transmitted by ticks? |
|
Definition
Lyme disease
Colorado tick fever
rocky mountain spotted fever
tularemia
endemic relapsing fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wait for the hoot with legs out (sensitive to warmth and co2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the medical importance of mites? |
|
Definition
| they feed on skin flakes by bacterial action |
|
|
Term
| Are dust mites common in Colorado? |
|
Definition
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