Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis rate limiting enzymes |
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Definition
| Hexokinase, PFK, Pyruvate kinase |
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Term
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Definition
| ADP & Pi, insulin, epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Kreb's Cycle rate limiting enzymes |
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Definition
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, ά-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 NADHs, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP (times two) |
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Term
| Which protein complexes pump protons? |
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Definition
| 1, 3 and 4. Pump 10 at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Making glycogen from glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| Making glucose from a non-carb source |
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Term
| Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Rate limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-carb sources for Gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
| Certain amino acids, lactate, glycerol, Kreb's cycle intermediates (OAA) |
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Term
| Stimulates glycogenolysis |
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Definition
| AMP, glucagon, epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Glucagon, epinephrine (in liver) |
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Term
| Stimulates gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glut-4 transporter (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, & heart) and glut-3 transporter (brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidative removal of successive 2-carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA |
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Term
| Structure of triglyceride |
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Definition
| 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of fatty acid from triglycerides |
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Term
| What does hormone sensitive lipase do? |
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Definition
| Removes fatty acids from glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 FADH2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone |
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Term
| Ketogenesis occurs in situations with.. |
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Definition
| high b-oxidation and low carb |
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Term
| When does ketoacidosis occur most? |
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Definition
| in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes |
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Term
| What regulates ketogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What leads to higher blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
| ↓ utilization of glucose, ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ glycogenolysis |
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Term
| What stimulates adipocytes? |
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Definition
| ↑ lipolysis, ↑ b-oxidation |
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Term
What is the yield of ATP during oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitoyl-CoA (16 C) to CO2 and H2O?
CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC |
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Definition
8 Acetyl CoA, 7 FADH2, 7 NADH
8 Acetyl CoA x 10 → 80 ATP just from Acetyl CoA going into Krebs Cycle
7 FADH2→ 17.5 ATP
7 NADH → 10.5 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidative removal of successive 2-carbon units in the form of acetyl-CoA |
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Term
| Structure of triglyceride |
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Definition
| 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of fatty acid from triglycerides |
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Term
| What does hormone sensitive lipase do? |
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Definition
| Removes fatty acids from glycerol backbone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1 FADH2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA |
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Term
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Definition
| acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, acetone |
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Term
| Ketogenesis occurs in situations with.. |
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Definition
| high b-oxidation and low carb |
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Term
| When does ketoacidosis occur most? |
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Definition
| in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes |
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Term
| What regulates ketogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What leads to higher blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
| ↓ utilization of glucose, ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates adipocytes? |
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Definition
| ↑ lipolysis, ↑ b-oxidation |
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|
Term
What is the yield of ATP during oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitoyl-CoA (16 C) to CO2 and H2O?
CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC/CC |
|
Definition
8 Acetyl CoA, 7 FADH2, 7 NADH
8 Acetyl CoA x 10 → 80 ATP just from Acetyl CoA going into Krebs Cycle
7 FADH2→ 17.5 ATP
7 NADH → 10.5 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Act as signaling molecules & Damage other molecules |
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Term
| How do ROS/RNS react with other molecules? |
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Definition
| Attach itself to another molecule, act as an oxidizing agent, act as reducing agents |
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Term
| How are ROS/RNS produced? |
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Definition
| In mitochondria during aerobic respiration, WBC, environmental/external sources that stimulate the production (UV light, ionizing radiation, smoking, air pollution, medications) |
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Term
| How do cells protect against ROS/RNS? |
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Definition
| Antioxidants, enzymatic antioxidants, non-enzymatic antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
| Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase |
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Term
| Non-enzymatic antioxidants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a tripeptide (cyteine, glutamate, glycine) synthesized in the liver and then transported to other tissues |
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Term
| How can ROS/RNS cause disease and/or contribute to disease progression? |
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Definition
| Damage DNA, proteins, and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Stratified squamous found in |
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Definition
| Mouth, vagina, esophagus, epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Passage of materials by diffusion and filtration |
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Term
| Stratified squamous function |
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Definition
| Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion |
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Term
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Definition
| For secretion and absorption |
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Term
| Stratified cuboidal found in |
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Definition
| Largest ducts of sweat/mammory/salivary glands |
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Term
| Stratified cuboidal function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most of digestive tract and excretory ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption secretion of mucus, enzymes & other substances |
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Term
| Stratified columnar found in |
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Definition
| Rare. Some male urethra and in large ducts of some glands |
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Term
| Stratified columnar function |
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Definition
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Term
| Pseudostratified found in |
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Definition
| Sperm carrying ducts, trachea and air tract |
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Term
| Pseudostratified function |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines ureters, bladder and part of urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface |
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Term
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Definition
| mucus-secreting glands, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| ductless glands that secret substances directly into the bloodstream. Produce hormones. |
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