Term
| The DNA in every cell contains all the genes to make a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| But cells _______ express all genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genes expression can be regulated at many of the steps in the pathway from ____ to _____ to _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are _____ to shut off certain genes in certain cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA and histone modifications: |
|
Definition
| Methylation and acetylation |
|
|
Term
| ______of DNA and/or histones usually turns genes off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methylation of DNA and/or histones usually turns genes ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ leads to tighter packing of gene which turns the genes off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ of histones usually turns genes on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetylation of histones usually turns genes ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ of lysine residues on histone tails leads to looser packaging of gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acetylation of ____ residues on histone tails leads to looser packaging of gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Must be ______ to alter the rate of transcription if gene is turned on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ factors are proteins that bind to gene regulatory sequences upstream of the initiation site of a gene to stimulate or repress transcription |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upstream transcription factors are proteins that bind to gene regulatory sequences upstream of the initiation site of a gene to: |
|
Definition
| stimulate or repress transcription |
|
|
Term
| Genes are usually regulated by ______ |
|
Definition
| several upstream transcription factors |
|
|
Term
| Activators promote assembly of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ promote assembly of TIC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ hinder assembly of TIC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Repressors hinder assembly of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The combination ____ and ______ determine the level of gene expression of a particular gene |
|
Definition
| Activators and repressors |
|
|
Term
| Alternative splicing produces variable ____ from a single ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternative splicing can alter protein function by: |
|
Definition
| 1) Changing the chemical properties or shape of binding proteins. 2) Adding or deleting specific domains. 3) Adding or deleting post-translation modification sites. |
|
|
Term
| RNA splicing can be regulated negatively by a regulatory molecule by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA Splicing can be regulated positively by a regulatory molecule: |
|
Definition
| that helps direct splicing machinery to an otherwise overlooked splice site |
|
|
Term
| Multiple forms of the same protein that differ slightly in amino acid sequences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isoforms are multiple forms of the same protein that differ slight in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Control of mRNA transport out of nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three parts of translation control |
|
Definition
| Translation initiation, mRNA stability, and miRNA |
|
|
Term
| phosphorylation of eIF-2 inhibits ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phosphorylation of ____ inhibits translation initation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| degradation of poly-A-tail decreases ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| degradation of _______ decreases mRNA stability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| miRNA translation control: |
|
Definition
1) short RNAs (21-23 nucleotides)
2) Bind to mRNA
3) Inhibits translation |
|
|
Term
| Control of the actin of a protein is also know as: |
|
Definition
| post-translational control |
|
|
Term
| Post-translational control: |
|
Definition
1) Protein modification
2) Inhibitor binding
3) protein degradation |
|
|
Term
| A common variation of a DNA sequence or gene that differs by one base pair |
|
Definition
| Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
|
|
Term
| ____ are point mutation that have been evolutionarily successful enough to recur in a significant proportion of the population |
|
Definition
| SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) |
|
|
Term
| ____ can be anywhere in the genome. |
|
Definition
| SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) |
|
|
Term
| The location of ___ will determine the effect it has on the phenotype. |
|
Definition
| SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) |
|
|
Term
| ____ can alter susceptibility to disease |
|
Definition
| SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) |
|
|
Term
| can alter response to drugs. |
|
Definition
| SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) |
|
|
Term
| Basis for pharmacogenomics when dealing with altering responses to drugs. |
|
Definition
| SNP (Single nucleotide polymorphism) |
|
|
Term
| Heritable changes in the genome that are NOT due to changes in the DNA sequence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ of DNA is one of the most common types of epigenetic modifications studied right now. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ patters can alter expression pattern of genes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ patterns of some genes can be modified by environment (diet, stress, toxins, ect) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ Patterns can be heritable. |
|
Definition
|
|
