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BSI Lectures 18-20
Here are the cards for BSI Lectures 18-20. These do not include the kreb cycle pathway as I'm guessing a lot of people will learn from the diagram. :)
82
Biology
Graduate
09/20/2009

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Cards

Term
What three processes are required to completely oxidize glucose?
Definition
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC
Term
What happens to pyruvate before it enters the kreb cycle?
Definition
It must be converted to acetyl CoA
Term
How many ATPs are formed from each molecule of NADH?
Definition
2.5
Term
How many ATPs are formed from each molecule of FADH2?
Definition
1.5
Term
How many ATPs will you get from the complete oxidation of glucose?
Definition
30-32
Term
How is acetyl CoA formed?
Definition

Pyruvate is oxidized (electrons are stripped off and NAD picks up those electrons forming NADH).

 

It is then decarboxylated- CO2 comes off- end up with a 2 carbon molecule.

 

Add a functional group called coenzyme A.

Term
Where does the kreb cycle take place?
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Is the kreb cycle anaerobic or aerobic?
Definition
aerobic
Term
How many ATPs do you get from aerobic respiration?
Definition
25
Term
What is the waste product of kreb cycle?
Definition
CO2
Term
What is the dominant energy source in skeletal muscle at rest and during prolonged low intensity activity?
Definition
aerobic respiration
Term
How many total ATPs do you get from glycolysis?
Definition

7

2 ATP directly

5 ATP indirectly from NADH (2.5x2=5)

Term
How many ATPs do you get from converting pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Definition

5

2 pyruvates= 2 NADH x 2.5 ATP= 5 ATP

Term
What's the reaction of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Definition
Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA -> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
Term
What enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Definition
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Term
What 5 coenzymes does pyruvate dehydrogenase require to function?
Definition
TPP, FAD, CoA, NAD, and Lipoate
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme of krebs cycle?
Definition
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Term
What stimulates kreb cycle?
Definition
ADP, NAD+
Term
What inhibits kreb cycle?
Definition
ATP, NADH
Term
What is the ETC?
Definition
A series of protein complexes that generate ATP
Term
How many complexes are in the ETC?
Definition
5
Term
What is complex 5?
Definition
ATP synthase
Term
Which complex generates ATP?
Definition
Complex 5/ATP Synthase
Term
How does the ETC synthesize ATP?
Definition
As electrons pass through their appropriate complex, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space.  This proton pumping creates a proton gradient.  By diffusion, the protons move back down their gradient into complex 5 (ATP Synthase).  4 protons= 1 ATP
Term
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Definition
Oxygen
Term
What's the name of complex 4?
Definition
Cytochrome C Oxidase
Term
Where are the complexes located?
Definition
inner membrane space
Term
What path does NADH take to drop off its pair of electrons?
Definition
Complex 1 - CoQ- Complex 3- Cyt C- Complex 4- molecular oxygen
Term
How many ATPs, FADH2, and NADH are formed from kreb cycle for each molecule of pyruvate?
Definition

1 ATP, 4 NADH, 1 FADH2

 

Remember, if you don't take into consideration the NADH being formed when pyruvate goes to acetyl CoA, you get 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 from krebs cycle.

Term
How many ATPs (directly and indirectly) do you get from krebs cycle?
Definition

20 if you don't take into consideration NADH being formed from the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA.  Also, this is for two molecules of acetyl CoA that enters into the kreb cycle.

 

If you take into consideration that 2 NADH is formed from 2 Pyruvates when they are converted to Acetyl CoA before entering krebs cycle, you'll will have 25 ATP formed.

Term
True or false.  Complex 5 is never involved in electron transfer?
Definition
True
Term
Where and how many protons are pumped when NADH drops off its electrons?
Definition

Complex 1 pumps 4 H+

Complex 3 pumps 4 H+

Complex 4 pumps 2 H+

Term
How many protons does NADH pump during the ETC?
Definition
10 H+
Term
How many protons does it take to make an ATP molecule?
Definition
4
Term
How many ATPs are formed from NADH and FADH2?
Definition

NADH makes 2.5 ATPs per molecule

FADH2 makes 1.5 ATPs per molecule

Term
What path does FADH2 take through the ETC?
Definition
Complex 2- CoQ- Complex 3- Cyt C- Complex 4- Molecular Oxygen
Term
Where and how many protons are pumped when FADH2 drops off its electrons through the ETC?
Definition

Complex 3= 4 H+

Complex 4= 2 H+

Term
How many protons are pumped as FADH2 passes elctrons through the ETC?
Definition
6 H+
Term
How many ATPs are made from FADH2?
Definition
1.5
Term
What percent of the oxygen we breathe is used in the ETC?
Definition
80%
Term
What happens if there was no oxygen in the ETC?
Definition
It would get backed up because electrons would not be able to get passed along to the different complexes.
Term
Regarding ATP Synthase (Complex 5), how does it provide the energy to make ATP?
Definition
As protons flow through the ATP Synthase, it causes the rotor part (F subunit) to rotate causing a conformational change in the F1 subunit.  The conformational change drives the reaction to form ATP.  Mechanical energy causing the rotation is captured and turned into chemical energy.  This energy is stored as ATP.
Term
How do you get 30 vs 32 ATPs?
Definition
Depends on the shuttle system that transports NADH into the mitochondria.
Term
What shuttle allows NADH in the cytosol to pass electrons to FAD in the mitochondria making FADH2?
Definition
Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
Term
What shuttle allows NADH in the cytosol to pass electrons to NAD in the mitochondria?
Definition
Malate-aspartate shuttle
Term
T or F.  Complex I can only accept electrons from NADH that's in the matrix.
Definition
True
Term
What type of cells use malate-aspartate shuttle?
Definition
Liver, Kidney, and Heart
Term
What type of cells use the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?
Definition
Skeletal muscle and brain
Term
What activates ETC?
Definition
ADP, Pi
Term
What inhibits ETC?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is the storage form of glucose?
Definition
Glycogen
Term
Where is glycogen primarily stored?
Definition
Liver and muscle
Term
What is the process of storing glucose as glycogen/making glycogen?
Definition
Glycogenesis
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis?
Definition
Glycogen synthase
Term
What is the breaking down of glycogen?
Definition
Glycogenolysis
Term
What type of cell can form glycogen back into glucose?
Definition
Liver
Term
Why can't muscle cells convert glycogen back to glucose?
Definition
Because muscle cells do not have the phosphatase enzyme
Term
What happens to glycogen in the muscle cell during glycogenolysis?
Definition
It's converted back to glucose 6-phosphate and enters the glycolytic pathway.
Term
What happens to glycogen in liver cells during glycogenolysis?
Definition
Liver cleaves off phosphate group with glucose 6-phosphatase, which is used to reform glucose then the glucose is dumped into the blood.
Term
What type of cell is considered "selfish"?
Definition
Muscle cell
Term
Blood glucose is the primary fuel source for what organ?
Definition
Brain
Term
What enzyme in the muscle cell phosphorylates the glucose trapping it in the cell?
Definition
Hexokinase
Term
What enzyme in the liver cell phosphorylates the glucose?
Definition
glucokinase
Term
Glycogen is basically a bunch of glucose molecules attached to a glycogen tree.  What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of glycogen synthesis?
Definition
Glycogen Synthase
Term
What is reverse glycolysis?
Definition
Gluconeogenesis
Term
Where does gluconeogenesis take place?
Definition
Liver and Kidneys
Term
What process uses noncarbohydrate sources to form glucose?
Definition
Gluconeogenesis
Term
What noncarbohydrate sources form glucose?
Definition
Certain amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol, ketone bodies, krebs cycle intermediates
Term
Lactic acid and certain amino acids can be converted into what, which is then converted into glucose via "reverse" glycolysis?
Definition
Pyruvate
Term
Glycerol can be converted into what, which then can be converted into glucose via gluconeogensis.
Definition
Glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate
Term
What happens when epinephrine gets released in the muscle cell?
Definition
We need to break down glycogen to provide energy.  Epi combines with a G-protein to activate Adenyl Cylase, activating cAMP which then activates PKA.  This stops glycogenesis and activates glycogenolysis.
Term
What enzymes does PKA phosphorylate when Epi is released?
Definition
Glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase
Term
What does PKA do to glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase when epi is released?
Definition
Turns on glycogen phosphorylase and turns off glycogen synthase
Term
In liver cells, what happens when epi is released?
Definition
Glucose 1-phosphate gets converted to glucose 6-phosphate and the phosphate is cleaved off and the glucose gets dumped into the blood
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycogenolysis?
Definition
glycogen phosphorylase
Term
What activates glycogenolysis?
Definition
AMP, glucagon, epi
Term
What inhibits glycogenolysis?
Definition
Insulin, ATP
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycogenesis?
Definition
Glycogen synthase
Term
What activates glycogenesis?
Definition
Insulin
Term
What inhibits glycogenesis?
Definition
glucagons and epi
Term
What inhibits gluconeogenesis?
Definition
Insulin
Term
What activates gluconeogenesis?
Definition
Glucagon
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