Term
| In general, what are the processes involved in making ATP? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC |
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Term
| How is muscle tissue making ATP in extreme intensities? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis; pyruvate is formed into lactate |
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Term
| What is the purpose of lactate production? |
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Definition
| To provide the cell with energy when oxygen is not present |
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Term
| How would your cells produce ATP as you're just being sedentary? |
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Definition
| ATP production via aerobic respiration |
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Term
| What is the direct source of energy that tissues use? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All chemical reactions occurring in the body, usually ordered in metabolic pathways |
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Term
| What are catabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| Reactions that release energy stored in organic moleculs. Also known as exergonic reactions. |
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Term
| What are anabolic reactions? |
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Definition
| Synthesis reactions that consume energy. Also know as endergonic reactions. |
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Term
| True or False. Both catabolic and anabolic reactions are always coupled. |
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Definition
| True. The energy that is released from catabolic reactions are transferred over and used for anabolic reactions. |
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Term
| Where is energy stored in ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbs are always broken down and digested as what types of sugars? |
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, or galactose |
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Term
| Why is glucose broken down in stages vs one step? |
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Definition
| If you break down glucose in one step, you oxidize in one big step and all energy is lost as heat. |
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Term
| How much energy is lost as heat in stepwise oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose is completely oxidized to what two molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy released from glucose is ultimately stored as what carrier molecule? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzymes; carriers of electrons in the form of hydrogen |
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Term
| 1 glucose molecule yields how many molecules of pyruvate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What the two fates of pyruvate? |
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Definition
1) Goes to mitochondria when oxygen is available
2) Reduced to lactate when oxygen is not available |
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Term
| What's the difference between pyruvic acid and pyruvate? |
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Definition
| Pyruvic acid still has protons attached to the acid. When protons are released by the acid, it is the salt form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incomplete oxidation of sugar (5% of total energy). |
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Term
| Where does the energy come from in glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Breaking of chemical bonds |
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Term
| What is used for anabolism in glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Breakdown of organic molecules without the involvement of molecular oxygen. This form of oxidation is less complete than in aerobic process and yields less energy. Example: Pyruvates are converted to lactate when oxygen is not present. |
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Term
| Why is converting NADH back to NAD important? |
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Definition
| NAD can be reused in glycolysis. If it is not converted back, there will be no NAD to accept the electrons as hydrogens, and glycolysis will eventually stop. |
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Term
| What enzyme catalyzes pyruvate to lactate? |
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Definition
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |
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Term
| What is the pyruvate to lactate reaction? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate + NADH + H+---> lactate + NAD+ |
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Term
| Anaerobic glycolysis yields how many ATPs? |
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Definition
| 1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 lactate (net: 2 ATP) |
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Term
| What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is available? |
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Definition
| Pyruvate enters mitochondria for further oxidation. |
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Term
| What are the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| hexokinase, PFK, and pyruvate kinase |
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Term
| What increases the rate of activity for the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What decreases the rate of activity for the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis? |
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Definition
| ATP, H+, citrate, glucagon |
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Term
| What stimulates the release of insulin? |
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Definition
| High blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates anabolic type reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Released in response to low blood glucose. Stimulates catabolic type reactions. |
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Term
| What is the net synthesis of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is anaerobic glycolysis? |
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Definition
| Going from glucose to lactate |
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Term
| Where does glycolysis take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is insulin secreted from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is glucagon secreted from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two fates of lactate? |
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Definition
1) Other tissues can take it up and use it as an energy source. It can be converted back to pyruvate.
2) The liver can take it up and use it for gluconeogenesis. |
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