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BSI Lecture 17
Here are the cards for BSI Lecture 17 that covers glycolysis. It does not include the steps of glycolysis but all the other information. Study the chart! :)
40
Biology
Graduate
09/20/2009

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Cards

Term
In general, what are the processes involved in making ATP?
Definition
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC
Term
How is muscle tissue making ATP in extreme intensities?
Definition
Glycolysis; pyruvate is formed into lactate
Term
What is the purpose of lactate production?
Definition
To provide the cell with energy when oxygen is not present
Term
How would your cells produce ATP as you're just being sedentary?
Definition
ATP production via aerobic respiration
Term
What is the direct source of energy that tissues use?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is metabolism?
Definition
All chemical reactions occurring in the body, usually ordered in metabolic pathways
Term
What are catabolic reactions?
Definition
Reactions that release energy stored in organic moleculs.  Also known as exergonic reactions.
Term
What are anabolic reactions?
Definition
Synthesis reactions that consume energy.  Also know as endergonic reactions.
Term
True or False.  Both catabolic and anabolic reactions are always coupled.
Definition
True.  The energy that is released from catabolic reactions are transferred over and used for anabolic reactions.
Term
Where is energy stored in ATP?
Definition
Phosphate bonds
Term
Carbs are always broken down and digested as what types of sugars?
Definition
Glucose, fructose, or galactose
Term
Why is glucose broken down in stages vs one step?
Definition
If you break down glucose in one step, you oxidize in one big step and all energy is lost as heat.
Term
How much energy is lost as heat in stepwise oxidation?
Definition
50%
Term
Glucose is completely oxidized to what two molecules?
Definition
CO2 and H2O
Term
Energy released from glucose is ultimately stored as what carrier molecule?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is NAD and FAD?
Definition
Coenzymes; carriers of electrons in the form of hydrogen
Term
1 glucose molecule yields how many molecules of pyruvate?
Definition
2
Term
What the two fates of pyruvate?
Definition

1) Goes to mitochondria when oxygen is available

2) Reduced to lactate when oxygen is not available

Term
What's the difference between pyruvic acid and pyruvate?
Definition
Pyruvic acid still has protons attached to the acid.  When protons are released by the acid, it is the salt form.
Term
What is glycolysis?
Definition
Incomplete oxidation of sugar (5% of total energy).
Term
Where does the energy come from in glycolysis?
Definition
Breaking of chemical bonds
Term
What is used for anabolism in glycolysis?
Definition
Carbon skeleton
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
Breakdown of organic molecules without the involvement of molecular oxygen.  This form of oxidation is less complete than in aerobic process and yields less energy.  Example: Pyruvates are converted to lactate when oxygen is not present.
Term
Why is converting NADH back to NAD important?
Definition
NAD can be reused in glycolysis.  If it is not converted back, there will be no NAD to accept the electrons as hydrogens, and glycolysis will eventually stop.
Term
What enzyme catalyzes pyruvate to lactate?
Definition
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Term
What is the pyruvate to lactate reaction?
Definition
Pyruvate + NADH + H+---> lactate + NAD+
Term
Anaerobic glycolysis yields how many ATPs?
Definition
1 glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 lactate (net: 2 ATP)
Term
What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is available?
Definition
Pyruvate enters mitochondria for further oxidation.
Term
What are the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?
Definition
hexokinase, PFK, and pyruvate kinase
Term
What increases the rate of activity for the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?
Definition
ADP, Pi, insulin
Term
What decreases the rate of activity for the rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis?
Definition
ATP, H+, citrate, glucagon
Term
What stimulates the release of insulin?
Definition
High blood glucose levels
Term
What does insulin do?
Definition
Stimulates anabolic type reactions
Term
What does glucagon do?
Definition
Released in response to low blood glucose.  Stimulates catabolic type reactions.
Term
What is the net synthesis of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from glycolysis?
Definition
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 0 FADH2
Term
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
Definition
Going from glucose to lactate
Term
Where does glycolysis take place?
Definition
Cytosol
Term
Where is insulin secreted from?
Definition
Pancreatic beta cells
Term
Where is glucagon secreted from?
Definition
Pancreatic alpha cells
Term
What are the two fates of lactate?
Definition

1) Other tissues can take it up and use it as an energy source.  It can be converted back to pyruvate.

 

2) The liver can take it up and use it for gluconeogenesis.

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