Term
| Life’s molecules (make up a cell) |
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Definition
Carbohydrates - sugars, starches, cellulose
Lipids - fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids
Proteins - composed of amino acids
Nucleic acids - DNA/RNA |
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Term
| Characteristics of life molecules |
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Definition
Carbon-based
Formed from a few elements (C,H,O,P,N)
Modular construction (bricks)
Function depends on structure |
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Term
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Definition
C,H,O (1:2:1) ratio
Types:
Mono-saccharides (one)
Glucose, fructose, ribose
Di-saccharides (two)
Sucrose, maltose, lactose
Poly-saccharides (many)
starch (energy storage), cellulose (plant cell walls, wood, paper, cloth) |
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Term
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Definition
Energy storage
Plant structure
Carbon sources to make other molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Glycerol molecule and fatty acids
Solid at room temperature, oils are liquid lipids
Water insoluble
Phospholipids:
Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
Membrane of cells: lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
High-energy food
Part of cell membrane
Waxes, hormones, vitamins, pigments |
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Term
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Definition
Mono-glycerides: glycerol and 1 fatty acid chain
Di-glycerides: mono-glyceride and 2nd fatty acid chain
Tri-glycerides: diglyceride and 3rd fatty acid chain - HIGHEST ENERGY |
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Term
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Definition
Building blocks are amino acids (20)
Functions:
Building blocks of cells
Transport: help control what passes through plasma membrane
Animal structure
Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) |
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Term
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Definition
Building blocks are amino acids (20)
Functions:
Building blocks of cells
Transport: help control what passes through plasma membrane
Animal structure
Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions) |
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Term
| Nucleic acids - basic units |
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Definition
Large, organic materials
Composed of C,H,O,P,N
Basic unit: sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
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Term
| Examples of nucleic acids |
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Definition
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA - ribonucleic acid, copy of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleotide compound, role of energy transfer/exhange |
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Term
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Definition
Information storage
Energy carrier |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cell is basic unit of life
2. Organisms are composed of cells
3. Cells arise from other cells |
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Term
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Definition
Prokaryotic: simple cells, lack organelles, bacteria
Eukaryotic: Have organelles, plants and animals |
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Term
| 3 things plant cells have that animal cells don't |
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Definition
1. Cell walls
2. Chloroplasts
3. Plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
Protects and supports cell
Made of cellulose
Allows water and other molecules to pass through |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed early, outermost layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposited on the inside between primary cell wall and plasma membrane -- LIGNIN |
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Term
| Examples of primary and secondary wall |
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Definition
Primary wall - celery
Wood - secondary wall (stronger) |
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Term
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Definition
Cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells
Allow for the movement of materials from cell to cell
"tunnels between cells" |
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Term
| Cell membrane (plasma membrane) |
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Definition
Lipid bilayer
Lets water pass through, but not other molecules |
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Term
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Definition
Microtubuoles and microfilaments: make up the cytoskeleton, netowrk for protein cables that provide structure to cell
- Help in cell division and elongation
- Important for mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
Contains all genetic information:
Chromosomes - DNA, proteins
Nucleolus - bodies where ribosomes are made |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides energy to cell by converting sugars into chemical energy - RESPIRATION |
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Term
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Definition
Site for photosynthesis
Produce sugars from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight
Contain chlorophyll (makes plant green) |
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Term
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Definition
stores a watery solution of sugars, salts, acids, proteins
- Makes up 90% of cell volume
- Makes cells turgid
- Has own membrane: TONOPLAST |
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Term
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Definition
Site for protein synthesis
Use information in DNA to produce proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| network for folded membranes throughout the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| lacks ribosomes, used for packaging and transport of proteins, also makes lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| has ribosomes for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Stack of flattened, hollow, membranous sacs
Modified proteins, lipids from ER
Packages materials in vessicles to the plasma membrane
"UPS of the cell" |
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Term
Endosymbiont theory
Page 26, box 2.2 |
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Definition
| Chloroplasts and mitochondria are descendants of once free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells, establishing a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| study of structure of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the function of cells, tissues, organs of living things |
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Term
| Structure correlates to.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dermal - outermost layer
Vascular - conducting tissue, transport
Ground - bulk of inner layers |
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Term
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Definition
Epidermis: outermost layer of cells
Stems and leaves have CUTICLE: waxy later that prevents water loss
Some have TRICHOMES: hairs
Root epidermis has ROOT HAIRS for water and nutrient absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports water and organic materials throughout the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of vascular tissue, transports water and dissolved ions from the root to the stem and leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of vascular tissues, carries dissolved SUGARS from leaves to rest of plant |
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Term
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Definition
In xylem
Long, thin, tube-like structures without perforations at the ends |
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Term
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Definition
In xylem
Short, wide tubes perforated at the ends |
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Term
| True or false: Xylem cells are dead |
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Definition
| TRUE - consist of only a cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
Transports sugars
Are alive but lack organelles and nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that compose the phloem |
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Term
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Definition
In phloem, join sieve tube members and help load materials into STM
Sieve plates - large pores on end walls of STM |
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Term
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Definition
Makes up the bulk of plant organs
Metabolism, storage, and support |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anchorage, water/nutrient absorption from soil, storage, water/nutrient transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost, single layer of cells that PROTECT from diseases, and ABSORBS water and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubular extensions of epidermal cells, increase surface area of root, for better water/nutrient absorption |
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Term
| Yams, sweet potatoes, carrots are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Part of root cortex
Water-impermeable strip of wacy material found in the endodermis
Helps control the uptake of minerals into the xylem - have to go through cytoplasm of cell |
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Term
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Definition
Above-ground organs (usually)
Supports leaves and fruits
Conduct water and sugars throughout plants (xylem and phloem) |
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Term
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Definition
Herbaceous - Soft, flowers
Woody - tree trunks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ground tissue, site of photosynthesis when green, potato |
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Term
| Photosynthetic factories of plants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flat expanded area of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| stalk that connects leaf blade to stem, transports materials |
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Term
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Definition
Transparent so that light can go through
Waxy cuticle protects against drying out
Lower epidermis: STOMATA with guard cells for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 and H2O in --> O2 out |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaf epidermis, give fuzzy texture and secrete chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue of leaves, composed of xylem, phloem, and bundle sheaths for strength/support |
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Term
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Definition
Middle of leaf
Palisade parenchyma: long columns blow epidermis, have lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Spongy parenchyma: Spherical cells with air spaces around for gas exchanges |
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Term
| Transpiration-cohesion theory |
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Definition
| Evaporation of water in the leaves generates the "sucking force" that pulls adjacent water molecules up the leaf surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaseous hormone in plants, promotes fruit ripening |
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Term
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Definition
| promote cell growth, involved in gravitropism and photosynthesis, control fruit development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Promote cell division and organ differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes seed dormancy and causes stomata closing |
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Term
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Definition
| Process whereby plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy from the sun to synthesis organic compounds from inorganic compounds |
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Term
| Formula for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 12H2O --light---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O |
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Term
| Light reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
Occur at thylakoid, light dependent
Water splits into oxygen gas and H+
Use light energy (photons) to generate chemical energy components: ADP and NADPH |
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Term
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Definition
Double membrane
Stroma - liquidy substance
Thylakoid membrane - stack up in GRANA (stacks)
Lumen - inside thylakoid |
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Term
| Carbon reactions of photosynthesis |
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Definition
Light independent
Occur in STROMA
The Calvin Cycle |
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Term
| Three phases of Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
Carboxylation
Reduction
Regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of making energy from food in cell, occurs in mitochondria |
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Term
| Three stages of respiration |
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Definition
1. Glycolosis - cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle - mitochondria matrix
3. Electron Transport System - mitochondria |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid, blueprint for all life, contains all necessary information to make an organism |
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Term
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Definition
Long chain of nucleotides
Each nucleotide has:
A phosphate
A sugar (deoxyribose)
And organic nitrogenous base |
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Term
| Four kinds of nitrogenous bases of DNA |
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Definition
Purine bases: A - Adenine, G - Guanine
Pyrimidine bases: T - Thymine, C - Cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Each DNA strand is a template
Base pairs are assembled on template
Pool of nucleotides located in nucleus
Nucleotides connected together to make new strand complimentary to the old strand |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| triple bond (stronger), would take more heat/energy to separate because it's stronger |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sugar/nucleotide differences in RNA |
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Definition
Ribose instead of deoxyribose
Bases are A,G,C, and U (URACYL) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded, less stable, doesn't persist in cell for long |
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Term
| Three core differences between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DNA --transcription--> RNA --translation--> proteins |
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Term
| 3 RNA molecules in protein synthesis |
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Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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Term
| RNA transcription occurs in... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many codons in genetic code? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are ____ amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in Ribosomes, synthesizing a protein from amino acids according to sequences of nucleotides in mRNA |
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Term
| Review RNA translation process (youtube?!) |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological activity (function) of proteinds depends largely on... |
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Definition
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Term
| SUMMARY OF RNA TRANSLATION |
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Definition
1. Cell nucleus: RNA produced by transcription.
2. RNA-single stranded, substitutes the sugar ribose for deoxyribose and Uracil for Thyamine
3. mRNA conveys the DNA recipe for protein synthesis to the cell cytoplasm.
4. mRNA binds to ribosome, each three-base codon of the mRNA links to a specific form of tRNA, containing the complementary three-base sequence.
5. tRNA transfers a single amino acid to a growing protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in DNA sequence, may be passed along to future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| A single base substitution (RAT --> HAT) |
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Term
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Definition
| Small DNA segment lost (CAT --> AT) |
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Term
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Definition
| A segment of DNA is added (CAT --> CHAT) |
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Term
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Definition
Modification of the reading frame after a deletion or insertion, resulting in all codons being different
THE RAT SAW THE CAT --->
Take out the R. ---->
THE ATS AWT HEC AT |
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Term
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Definition
Occur in body cells, or cells that do not lead to gametes
Occur in leaves, roots, but are not passed to future generations unless plant produced asexually |
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