Term
| The primary reason deserts tend to be found at 30° N and S latitude is that desert soils are different from tropical rain forest soils. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tundra biome occurs at high elevations in the tropics as well as at low elevations in polar regions. This is most likely due to similar climates in both places.(T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resource partitioning occurs when variations in niche use of two similar, competing species allows them to coexist. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A species’ fundamental niche is determined primarily by biotic interactions, while its realized niche is determined primarily by abiotic conditions. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of cryptic coloration is the muted, gray wing color of moths found blending into the gray of tree trunks where they perch. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on trees and parasitize their hosts for nutrients and water. Therefore, we would predict that in nature, trees with mistletoes would grow faster than trees without mistletoes. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A facultative mutualism is an interaction in which at least one species cannot survive without the presence of the other species. (T/F) |
|
Definition
| False- it's an interaction that effects both species but is not required by either species |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition occurs when one species changes the environment such that the growth and reproduction of another co-occurring species is increased (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Moderate levels of disturbance decrease community diversity by allowing competitively dominant species to exclude less competitive species (T/F) |
|
Definition
| False- increase because there is a mix of competitive and r selected species |
|
|
Term
| Hadley cells are characterized by rising, warm, moist air masses that cool and release precipitation as they rise and then, at high altitude, cool and sink back to the surface as dry air masses after moving north or south of the tropics.(T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light penetration seldom limits the distribution of photosynthetic species in aquatic environments (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pelagic ocean photosynthetic activity is disproportionately low in relation to the size of the biome. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Red squirrels, who actively defend territories would most likely exhibit uniform dispersion (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three basic variables that make up the life history of an organism are age when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many offspring are produced per reproductive episode. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K-selected populations generally have more, smaller offspring when compared to r-selected populations. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The competitive exclusion principle states that it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homeotherms use less energy for respiration than heterotherms and therefore have higher rates of secondary production. (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A reduction in adult female survival as population size increases would be a density-dependent growth regulator of animal populations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The detritus food chain is a major pathway for the recycling of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Algal beds and reefs have one of the highest NPPs per unit area on earth, and thus contribute the greatest percentage of total global NPP of any ecosystem type.(T/F) |
|
Definition
| False- open ocean has greatest percentage of total |
|
|
Term
| A fish species that used to produce few eggs that it then held in its mouth until they hatched, after which it cared for the young has evolved to produce many eggs with no parental care. We would expect the survivorship curve of this species to shift |
|
Definition
| From Type 1 to Type 2 or 3 |
|
|
Term
| Metapopulations are characterized by movements of individuals between patches, ________ in some patches, and ________ in other patches. |
|
Definition
| extinction, recolonization |
|
|
Term
| In experiments on 2 barnacle species in rocky intertidal habitats, the removal of Chthamalus from higher zones resulted in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is an example of Batesian mimicry? |
|
Definition
| a non-toxic frog that resembles a toxic frog |
|
|
Term
| Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would have the lowest species diversity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following choices includes all of the others in creating global terrestrial climates? |
|
Definition
A
A. differential heating of Earth's surface
B. ocean currents
C. global wind patterns
D. evaporation of water from ocean surfaces
E. greater variation in continental interior climates compared to coastal climates |
|
|
Term
| Why is the climate drier on the leeward side of mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds? |
|
Definition
| Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving only dry air to descend the leeward side. |
|
|
Term
| The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that |
|
Definition
| B. sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following environmental features might influence microclimates? |
|
Definition
D
A. forest canopy
B. large boulder
C. log on the forest floor
D. All of the above |
|
|
Term
| Coral reefs can be found on the southern east coast of the United States but not at similar latitudes on the southern west coast. Differences in which of the following most likely account for this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main limiting factor for the net primary productivity of the tundra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Turnover of water in temperate lakes during the spring and fall is made possible by which of the following? |
|
Definition
| The changes in the density of water as seasonal temperatures change |
|
|
Term
| Uniform spacing patterns in birds such as the red-winged blackbird are most often associated with |
|
Definition
| Competitive interaction between individuals of the same population. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of populations? |
|
Definition
| B. intraspecific competition for nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following would be most significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community? |
|
Definition
| E. determining how many species are present overall, which particular species are present, the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species, and the relative abundance of species |
|
|
Term
| Prairie dogs once covered the expanses of the Great Plains. Their activities made the grass more nutritious for bison, and they were preyed upon by a variety of snakes, raptors, and mammals. Today, increases in housing and agricultural developments have eradicated many prairie dog towns. Which of the following statements about prairie dogs is true? |
|
Definition
| Their realized niche has been reduced. |
|
|
Term
| Why are food chains relatively short? |
|
Definition
| C. Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient. |
|
|
Term
| Canopies of maple trees allow chipmunks to be better hidden against hawks. There is virtually no effect of chipmunks on the trees. This is an example of ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major ocean currents in the Northern hemisphere |
|
Definition
D
A. Rotate clockwise
B. Result in warmer coastal climates on the eastern sides of continents compared to the western sides at equal latitudes
C. Distribute heat from equatorial to polar regions of the globe
D. All of the above |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| logistic growth of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average number of offspring produced by a female in an age class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| max population size that a particular environment can support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a species that has multiple reproductive events during an individual's lifetime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a species that has a single reproductive event during the lifetime of an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conspicuous coloration of a poisonous animal species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exponential growth of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reciprocal evolution of two (or more) populations as a result of their selective pressures on one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two unrelated plant species that live in the same biome but on different continents and appear quite similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defensive traits against a consumer that increase or appear in response to consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defensive traits against a consumer that are always present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of how much a community is affected by disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of how fast a community recovers from a disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directional, cumulative changes in species composition on previously vegetated substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| directional, cumulative changes in species composition on never vegetated substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the evolution of different traits in competing species allowing them to occupy different niches within the same habitat |
|
|
Term
| Sister chromatids separate during anaphase I. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, homologs separate during anaphase I and sister chromatids separate during anaphase II |
|
|
Term
| Crossover, the exchange of segments of homologous chromosomes, takes place during Prophase I. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homologous chromosomes may have different alleles from each other at corresponding gene loci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic drift in a small population most often leads to a change in population gene pool that increases survival and fitness |
|
Definition
| FALSE, genetic drift does not increase survival and is not adaptive. They are random chance fluctuations |
|
|
Term
| Habitat isolation can be an effective post-zygotic barrier to reproduction |
|
Definition
| FALSE, it is a pre-zygotic barrier |
|
|
Term
| Lamarck's proposal that individuals evolved by the principle of use and disuse is well supported by evidence |
|
Definition
| FALSE, not well supported |
|
|
Term
| A cross between homozygous purple flower and homozygous white flowered pea plants results in offspring with purple flowers. This demonstrates dominance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enhanced hybrid viability is an example of a post-zygotic barrier to reproduction between two species. |
|
Definition
| False, Reduced hybrid viability: zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity |
|
|
Term
| Evolution by natural selection occurs because individuals adapt to their environments and thereby evolve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An open behavior is one that does not change with the animal's experience |
|
Definition
| False, that would be "closed", open behavior does change |
|
|
Term
| Natural selection would not occur in a population that lives in a habitat where there are no competing species |
|
Definition
| False, there can also be abiotic factors involved |
|
|
Term
| Populations are sometimes geographically isolated from other populations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the pq and the term 2pq is necessary because heterozygotes have two alleles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EVolution can happen whenever any of the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium are not met |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synapsis of chromosomes is one process that occurs in mitosis as well as meiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disruptive selection is most likely to produce African butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A man and woman who are both of normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino. Albinism is autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. The probability that their first child will be an albino is 1/4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heterozygote advantage should be most closely linked to stabilizing selection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A man who carries a particular gene on his X chromosome will pass it on to all of his sons, but no his daughters |
|
Definition
| False, it will be passed on to his daughters |
|
|
Term
| One outcome of natural selection is that populations will achieve a Hardy-Weingberg equilibrium |
|
Definition
| False, if natural selection were occurring it would not be in Hardy Weinberg Equillibrium |
|
|
Term
| Pleiotropy can limit the effectiveness of natural selection on a trait by: |
|
Definition
| Affecting the expression of a different trait that has the opposite effect on fitness |
|
|
Term
| A population of bent grass, Agrostis tenuis that ivades mine spoils with high metal concentrations; |
|
Definition
| should be recognized as an ecotype A tenuis, will undergo strong selection to reduce gene flow from A. tenuis populations that occupy non-spoil soils with low metal concentrations and will most likely differ genetically from non mine spoil populations due to selection for high metal tolerance |
|
|
Term
| In a bird species where females prefer mating with brightly colored males. THese males are more likely to be preyed on by hawks. What is the most likely evolutionary outcome of this conflict between sexual selection and natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Males will be selected to have bright chests and dull backs |
|
|
Term
| The flowering of purple flowered lrkspurs, delphinium decorum, in the morning and the flowering of its sympatric relative orange larkspur, D. nudicaule in the afternoon is an example of |
|
Definition
| a temporal isolating mechanism preventing hybridization between the two species |
|
|
Term
| The conditions necessary for reciprocal altruism to occur in a group of organisms include: |
|
Definition
a. Benefits to the recipient must be less than the costs to the donor
b. cheaters must be rewarded
c. the group should be temporary and unstable
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Answer: E |
|
|
Term
| Variation among offspring and the fact that they are genetically different from their parents is due to which of the following? |
|
Definition
| random alignment of homologues during meiosis I, crossing over, random process of fertilization |
|
|
Term
| A female cat in heat urinates often and in many places. male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination? |
|
Definition
| It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle |
|
|
Term
| Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates ot other worker bees the location of a distant food source it has discovered by: |
|
Definition
| performing a waggle dance |
|
|
Term
| A cage containing male mosquitoes raised in isolation has a small earphone placed on top through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior? |
|
Definition
| Copulation is a fixed action pattern and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following might affect the foraging behavior of an animal in the context of optimal foraging? |
|
Definition
| risk of predation, prey size, prey defenses, prey density |
|
|
Term
| The diploid chromosome number of a roundworm species is 8. You cross a male and a female. Assuming there is no crossover, and random segregation of homologues during meiosis, how many different possible combinations of chromosomes might there be in the offspring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The variation among sexually produced offspring and the fact that they are genetically different from their parents is due to which of the following? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement about variation is true? |
|
Definition
a. Sll phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation
b. All genetic variation produces phenotypic variation
C. All nucleotide variability results in neutral variation
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Answer: E |
|
|
Term
| In a Hardy Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is .3. what is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the original finches that had been blown over to the galapagos from South America had already been genetically different from the parental population of South American finches, even before adapting to the Galapagos, this would have been an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during nuclear division is an example of |
|
Definition
| sympatric speciation and allopolyploidy |
|
|
Term
| Dogs and gray wolves can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species share a common ancestor recently and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species? |
|
Definition
| Biological and Phylogenetic |
|
|
Term
| You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying info as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two new species, differentiated from the same parental species, may maintain reproductive isolation from each other by |
|
Definition
| differentiating in their geographic distribution, thereby avoiding each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that affects more than one phenotypic character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one member of a group acts in such a way as to harm another individual and benefit itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the recognition and manipulation of facts about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both alleles of a single gene are expressed in a phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a non-functional structure that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any process in which a signal from one individual modifies the behavior of a recipient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species that are physically separated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| species that co-occur in the same geographic area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior where the actor is harmed, recipient is benefitted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a geographic barrier separates a once contiguous population into different groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to recieve a food reward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| population of a species that shows genetic adaptations to its specific habitat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviro where the actor aids another at its own expense in anticipation of a return favor in the future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes passed on to future generations through one's own offspring as well as through one's relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a puppy performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of it's mother's breast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences |
|
|
Term
| coefficient of relatedness |
|
Definition
| probability that alleles in two individuals are identical by descent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus |
|
|
Term
| In the protists, only life cycles dominated by haploid cells are found |
|
Definition
| False, every life cycle is variable among protists |
|
|
Term
| In life cycles with alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with multicellular diploid forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The trait that best describes the first entity is that it could carry out simple metabolic reactions |
|
Definition
| False, replication is the best trait |
|
|
Term
| Eukarya and Archae are evolutionarily more closely related than are archae and bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary selective force driving the evolution of the amniotic egg was reducing the dependence of tetrapods on water for reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In angiosperms, the gametophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle, while the sporophyte is the non-dominant phase |
|
Definition
| False, it's the reverse, sporophyte is dominant |
|
|
Term
| Selective pressures that faced early land plants included high rates of evaporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary mechanism for exchanging novel genetic material in bacterial is through mutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In higher plants, the sporophyte is the haploid phase |
|
Definition
| False, it is always the diploid phase |
|
|
Term
| One defining characteristic of protists is that they are all unicellular |
|
Definition
| False, some are multicellular |
|
|
Term
| In all deutorostomes, the pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is considered by many to be the best candidate for the hereditary mechanism in the first life forms because it is capable of self-replication and catalysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the advantages of terrestrial existence for plants is that CO2 diffuses more rapidly in air than water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals with radial symmetry are better able to actively capture prey than bilaterally symmetrical animals |
|
Definition
| False, animals with bilateral symmetry are better |
|
|
Term
| Sponges are distinct from all other animal phyla in that they lack true tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fossils of the earliest tetrapods showed limited adaptations to life on land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs are lizards |
|
Definition
| False, Birds are the only direct descendants |
|
|
Term
| An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also triploblastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening |
|
Definition
| False, that is the difference between a deuterosome and a protosome |
|
|
Term
| An organism that has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following traits is shared by all vertebrates, at least in some developmental stages? |
|
Definition
| notochord, vertebrae, cranium |
|
|
Term
| Most amphibians undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larva to a more terrestrial adult. Which of the following is not part of that metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many evolutionary innovations are seen in the protists. which of the following was NOT one of these innovations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to similarities in their molecular DNA, the phyla Echinodermata and Chordata share all of these except |
|
Definition
| Bilateral symmetry as adult animals |
|
|
Term
| Reasons that two organisms may look similar include: |
|
Definition
| a derived similarity due to being closely related, a convergent similarity due to a homoplasic trait, and a primitive similarity due to retaining an ancient trait |
|
|
Term
| Animals that possess analogous structures probably |
|
Definition
| are not necessarily related |
|
|
Term
| Bryophytes are restricted to relatively moist environments because |
|
Definition
| they have little or no development of vascualr tissue, they have thin or absent cuticles covering their leaves and stems, and their sperm have flagella and need water to swim to eggs |
|
|
Term
| In the Linnaean classification system which taxon would generally include the fewest number of species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the nodes and branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent? |
|
Definition
| ancestral groups that split into two descendant groups |
|
|
Term
| Why would the spontaneous formation of formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide not take palce on earth today as much as on the prebiotic earth? |
|
Definition
| Atmospheric conditions on earth have changed, such as the presence of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| The Cambrian Explosion documented in the Burgess Shale fossils represents arguably the greatest evolutionary change in animal history. These changes include: |
|
Definition
| an increase in size and morphological complexity of the fossil assemblage, diversification of trophic niches, and first evidence of extensive predator-prey interactions |
|
|
Term
| In life cycles with an alternation of generation, multicellular haploid forms alternate with |
|
Definition
| multicellular diploid forms |
|
|
Term
| Changes from the Corboniferous to the Permian that contributed to the spread and dominance of seed plants included: |
|
Definition
| formation of the supercontinent Pangaea, cooling of continental landmasses and drying of continental landmasses |
|
|
Term
| Distinguishing features that define an animal's body plan include: |
|
Definition
| number of embryonic tissue layers, type of body symmetry and degree of cephalization, and presence or absence of a fluid-filled body cavity |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following arrangements of evolutionary events is in the correct chronological order, from oldest to youngest? |
|
Definition
| bilateral symmetry-tripoblasty-coelum |
|
|
Term
| Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? |
|
Definition
| The shelled, amniotic egg |
|
|
Term
| Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated from earliest to most recent? |
|
Definition
| bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is currently considered to be the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? |
|
Definition
| synthesis or organic monomers, synthesis of organic polymers, formation of protobionts, formation of DNA based genetic systems |
|
|
Term
| What is though to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on earth? |
|
Definition
| origin of cyanobacteria, origin of mitochondria, origin of chloroplasts, origin of multicellular eukaryotes, origin of fungal plant symbioses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity among organisms of different species due to convergent ecolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similarity among organisms of different species due to their inheritance from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process in which phages carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assimilation of external DNA by a bacterial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the direct transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells joined by a pilus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an animal that lacks an internal body cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an animal with an internal fluid filled body cavity that is lined with endoderm and mesoderm layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an animal with an internal fluid filled body cavity that is lined with mesoderm layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid changes in speciation are followed by long periods of little change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a structure that evolved for one purpose that then become co-opted for another function in later organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Member of a clade of animals with true tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure that first becomes evident during gastrulation |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| An organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and uses energy in part to fix CO2 |
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| A crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding |
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| Small opening in the plant epidermis bounded by guard cells |
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| A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacteria when they are exposed to harsch conditions |
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| A bundle of nerves extending from the brain along the dorsal side of the chordate animal |
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| shedding of an exoskeleton outgrown by an animal |
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Definition
| Different rates of growth in different parts of a body or body structure |
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