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BSC1005L
lab final
63
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/02/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is biology?
Definition
The Study of Life 
Term
Examples of where Biology reflects your everyday life
Definition

Sleep, Wake, Daily routine

Dentist, doctor

Pets, Children

Food, Drink, Drugs, Smoking

Term
7 Characteristics of Life
Definition

Presence of Carbon

Organization and Complexity

Metabolism

Homeostasis

Response to Stimuli

Reproduction

Growth 

Term
Biological Hiearchy
Definition

Cells

Tissures

Organs

Organ systems

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biosphere (the earth) 

Term
5 kingdoms of biology
Definition

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Exception: viruses

Term
Define Cell
Definition
The basic unit of life
Term
Three Tenets of the Cell theory
Definition

1) all living things are composed of cells

2) the cell is the basic functional unit of life

3) all cells arise from previously existing cells

Term
Three Basic Components of all Cells
Definition

Cell Membrane - Boundary between interior of cell and exterior

Cytoplasm - everything outside the nucleus (if present) and within the cell membrane  

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid - The hereditary material that contains info to direct cell reproduction and other processes 

Term
Prokaryotic Cell
Definition
No nucleus or membrane bound organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, or golgi bodies) The cells of bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotic
Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
Has a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane 
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Control center of the cell; contains DNA which regulates cell activity and controls heredity
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
One or more may be present; contains RNA and helps in the preparation of the ribosomes
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
 Composed of DNA; Contain the blueprint for life; number present ranges from 1 in some insestial worms to hundreds in some ferns. Humans have 23 pairs
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
Regulates movements of materials in/out of the cell
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
Everything outside the nucleus within the cell membrane, a complex solution including granules, droplets, rod-like and threadlike bodies and membranes 
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum 
Definition
Membrane system for the movement of various materials in the cell; the site of chemical reactions, sometimes lined with ribosomes (site of protein synthesis) 
Term
Golgi Bodies
Definition
Membrane system formed of flattened sacs; prepares and packages materials to be used in the cell (digestive enzymes); most abundant in cells that secrete (pancreas cells secrete digestive enzymes) 
Term
Lysosomes
Definition

Sacs of digestive enzymes that are involved in intracellular digestion; abundant in lung tissue where they act as scavengers, ingesting and digesting "worn out" cell parts; can burst and digest the entire cell they are in; known as "suicide bags" or "garbage disposal units"

 

Not found in plant cells

Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Power house of the cell; site of cellular respiration; ATP molecules made here for storage of energy
Term
Centriole
Definition

Bundle of microtubles used in mitosis

 

Not in Plant Cells

Term
Microtubles
Definition
found throughout the cell; aid in movement of organelles, cell movement, maintenance of cell shape; make up cillia and flagella 
Term
Organelles in Plant Cell
Definition

Cell Wall - contains cellulose; gives shape and rigidity

Plastids - (chloroplast) site of photosynthesis, contain green pigment (chlorophyll II) 

Large Vacuoles - well developed for storage, small or absent in animal cells 

Term
Mitosis 
Definition
The division of one cell producing two cells exactly like the original cell
Term
Meiosis
Definition
a reduction division, by which gametes are produced. One cell produces four cells with half the chromosome humber, using two cycles of division. Production of gametes (egg/sperm) 
Term
Cancer
Definition
A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Term
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
Definition
They do not respond to body signals to stop dividing (loss of contact inhibition) may be "immortal"
Term
Transformation
Definition
Process by which a normal cell changes into a cancerous cell
Term
3 stages of cancer/cancer summary
Definition

1) Initiation

2)Promotion

Tumor Formation

Benign/malignant

3)Metastis

(death) 

Term
Initiation 
Definition

First stage of cancer - induction of a normal cell to become cancerous

*a cancer causing agent (carcinogen) induces normal cells to become cancerous, permanent DNA damage 

Term
Promotion
Definition

2nd stage of cancer - cancer cells keep dividing without control

*cells are stimulated to undergo uncontrolled growth (division). cells are no longer subject to the body's normal controls on cell division


**This is the stage where Tumor formation happens

Term
Metastis 
Definition

3rd stage of cancer - cancer cells spread to other locations in the body

** cancer cells enter the blood and lymph systems and are carried throughout the body. New cancers appear far from original initiation site. Cancer is now considered "advanced"

Term
Benign Tumor
Definition
a "localized" tumor which usually causes little harm to the individual
Term
Malignant Tumor
Definition
tumor growth continues, invading and destroying neighboring tissues. Cancer is now considered "regional" and may induce an immune response to slow the spread of the tumor 
Term
5 causes of cancer
Definition

1) Environmental conditions

2) Radiation

3) Viruses

4) Hereditary

5) Many other causes 

Term
DNA
Definition

contains all necessary information to direct cell reproduction and other processes

 

DNA is negative (-) 

Term
DNA electrophoresis 
Definition

**Electric current repels/attracts mixture of DNA fragments through the microscopic pores in the gel from the negative to the positive electrode

**Gel is made from agarose

**DNA separates by shortest,smallest fragments moving fastest and move to the bottum of the gel. Longer, slower fragments remain at the top of the gel

**DNA can be viewed by staining with dye 

Term
Examples of applications of DNA fingerprinting 
Definition

Forensic science

paternity testing

genetic testing 

evolutionary studies 

Term

Basic structure of the double helix

Definition

Ladder like fashion twisted to form a double helix. Each chain is composed of an outer backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules attached to an inner series of repeating unites called bases A-G....T-C

Term
Chromosomes
Definition

DNA makes up chromosomes

 

Humans have 23 pairs 

Term
RNA
Definition

ribonucleic acid

 

Synthesizes (makes) these proteins using the ribosomes in cytoplasm of cell

Term
Father of Genetics 
Definition
Gregor Mendel
Term
Human Genome Project
Definition
an international research project aimed at constructing a detailed map of the human genome 
Term
Homologous Chromosome
Definition
During meiosis, chromosomes are organized into homologous pairs. members of a pair have identical sequence of genes
Term
Gene
Definition
functional unit of heredity
Term
Allele 
Definition

those genes, which occupy the same position on each member of a homologous pair.

The two alleles can be identical or alternative forms of the same gene 

Term
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
Definition

Homozygous - have 2 identical alleles for genes

Heterozygous - have 2 different alleles for genes

Term
Dominant vs Recessive
Definition
Dominant - When 2 different alleles are present, one allele is expressed in the phenotype and the other is suppresed. The expressed allele is said to be dominant over the suppressed (recessive) allele. 
Term
Phenotype vs Genotype
Definition

Genotype - specific allelic combination in an organism 

Phenotype - the observable properties of an organism which are under genetic control 

Term
Complete Dominance vs Incomplete Dominance 
Definition

Complete Dominance - possession of the dominant genotype in either the homozygous or heterozygous state results in expression of the dominant trait in the phenotype

Incomplete Dominance - the heterozygote possesses a phenotype which is intermediate between those of the homozygotes 

Term
Polygenic Inheritance 
Definition
trait is determined by 2 or more genes, each with 2 alleles. the effect is often additive, i.e. the greater the number of alleles involved, the greater the level of expression will be
Term
Multiple Alleleism 
Definition

an individual can only have 2 alleles for a given gene, however, more than 2 alleles for a gene may exist in the general population 

 

Term
Blood 
Definition
is composed of Blood cells andplasma
Term
Antibodies 
Definition
part of the immune system. antibodies recognize and attach to foreign antigens in the blood and cause clumping of blood cells. the clumping is called agglutination 
Term
Rh antigen 
Definition
inheritance of the Rh factor follows the standard dominant - recessive pattern Rh (+) is the dominant trait, Rh (-) is recessive. The Rh factor also has antigen-antibody reactions 
Term
Gametogenesis and the 2 types
Definition

gametes are the products of meiosis and are produced throught gametogenesis 

1)Spermatogenisis

2)Oogenisis 

Term
Testes 
Definition

    primary male sex organ(s) in which immature sperm are produced. The testes are composed of many tubules called the seminiferous tubules, and are located outside the body in the scrotum. 

Term

Seminiferous tubules 

Definition
the testes are composed of many tubules called Seminiferous tubules, and are located outside the body in the scrotum
Term
Epididymus 
Definition
a coiled duct that connect the testes to the vas deferens; immature sperm are transported from the testes to the epididymis when they mature 
Term
Vas Deferens 
Definition
a coiled duct that connect the testes to the vas deferens; immature sperm are transported from the testes to the epididymis when they mature 
Term

Urethra 

Definition
a muscular tube that carries sperm to the exterior of the body through the penis
Term
seminal vesicles 
Definition

glands of the male reproductive tract that produce roughly 60% of the volume of semen; release a fluid high in sugars, providing energy for sperm

Term
Prostate Gland 
Definition
gland of the male reproductive tract, contributing roughly 1/3 of the volume of semen; secretes an alkaline fluid which neutralizes the acidity of the woman’s vagina. 
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