Term
| What is the Selfish Herd Effect? Explain dominant/subordinate positioning. |
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Definition
| The Selfish Herd Effect is when people are situated in an order to where the dominant person is in the 2nd position and the subordinates are in the 1st and 3rd position so the dominant person has a “shield”. |
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Term
| What is Atherosclerosis and what is it caused by? |
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty substances/plaque in the arteries of the heart. This is mostly caused by smoking which can greatly increase the risk of heart attack as well. |
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Term
| How does caffeine affect the body? |
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Definition
| If a person consumed too much caffeine they can have cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart beat) due to the caffeine toxicity. |
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Term
| What percent of adults drink on a regular basis and what percent of college students? |
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Definition
| 65% of adults drink on a regular basis and 80% of college students drink. |
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Term
| Through what organ is alcohol metabolized? |
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Definition
| Alcohol is metabolized through the liver. |
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Term
| What are the gender differences in the metabolism of alcohol? |
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Definition
| Men can process it more and faster. |
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Term
| In the video, "Glamorizing Alcohol", what are kids/students trying to do? |
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Definition
| They’re trying to recreate the fun, party scene that is shown in the media but the consequences after drinking is not shown in the media which is why it’s dangerous for the students. |
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Term
| In the video, "Reaction Time with Alcohol", what happens to the man? |
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Definition
| As the alcohol went in his body, his normal chemical balance was clogged by fatty acids (from the chemical reaction to the alcohol) which slowed his reaction time, slurred his speech etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drinking five or more drinks in one occasion; for men it’s 5 drinks within 2 hours, for women it’s 4 drinks within 2 hours. |
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Term
| What percent of ISU students binge drink? Blackout? Engage in unwanted sex due to drinking? |
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Definition
| 66% binge drink, 52% black out, 86%engage in unwanted sex. |
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Term
| Name 3 reasons that students. |
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Definition
| 1. Social learning from peers, parents, media. 2. To feel good 3. To not feel bad. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that act as a catalyst to accelerate a reaction. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of enzymes? |
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Definition
| They are specific for what they catalyze, they are reusable and they usually end in –ase (sucrose, lactase, maltase). |
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Term
| What is a substrate? And what is another name for substrate? |
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Definition
| A substrate a.k.a. a reactant, is something that starts a chemical reaction, the substrate joins the enzyme at the active site. |
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Term
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Definition
| A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. |
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Term
| Which contains the active site (the substrate or the enzyme)? |
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Definition
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Term
| When you drink alcohol, ______ is the enzyme that breaks the alcohol into Acetaldehyde? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| After Acetaldehyde, _____ is the enzyme that turns it into Acetyl CoA (citric acid cycle). |
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Definition
| Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase. |
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Term
| What does Acetyl CoA turn into? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens after the formation of fatty acids? |
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Definition
| Fat is formed, which is why some people may have a “beer belly”. |
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Term
| If your body rapidly converts Acetaldehyde and it causes you to feel drunk ______ (quicker/slower) and have a ______ (higher/lower) tolerance. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the "hangover agent"? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme-substrate complex? |
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Definition
| The enzyme contains the active site and the substrate is what causes a reaction to take place. |
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Term
| What is the end result of the reaction known as? |
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Definition
| The end result of the reaction is known as the product. |
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Term
| What are the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism? |
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Definition
| The enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol are alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. |
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Term
| What is the product of each reaction? |
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Definition
| The product of the first reaction (between alcohol and alcohol dehydrogenase) is acetaldehyde. The second reaction (acetaldehyde and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase) produces Acetyl CoA. |
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Term
| What is alcohol tolerance? |
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Definition
| Alcohol tolerance is the number of drinks it takes for a person to feel the effects. It is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism. |
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Term
| It takes ______ to metabolize alcohol. (time) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does food influence absorption? |
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Definition
| Food slows the rate of absorption. The metabolism of alcohol is about 3 times slower with food in the stomach. |
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Term
| What type of food has the most impact on absorption rate? |
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Definition
| Fatty foods slow absorption the most because it takes the longest to digest. |
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Term
| What are two differences between genders that causes there to be a difference in absorption? |
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Definition
| Women have less body water and lower activity of ADH which causes them to absorb more alcohol. |
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Term
| How does being drunk influence decisions? What are people mroe likely to do? |
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Definition
| People tend to make poorer decisions while under the influence of alcohol. This includes having unprotected sex and public misconduct. |
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Term
| According to the video, what factors influence women's drinking? |
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Definition
| Women drink to feel sexy, if they are drunk it can be used as an excuse for doing things they wouldn’t normally do, tend to drink hard liquor instead of beer because of the calories, can share men’s power, boosts self esteem |
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Term
| How many alcohol related deaths occur each year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of ISU students have blacked out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define the following:
A) Pericardium
B) Myocardium
C) Endocardium |
|
Definition
A) Pericardium-surrounds, protects, and lubricates the heart
B) Myocardium- muscle of the heart
C) Endocardium- lining of the chambers of the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
| What path does the blood flow through the body? |
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Definition
| Heart – artery- arteriole – capillary – venule – vein – back to heart |
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Term
| What happens in the capillaries? |
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Definition
| The capillaries are where gas and waste exchange take place. |
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Term
Describe the following problems that can occur within the heart:
A) Atherosclerosis
B) Ischemia
C) Angina Pectoris
D) Myocardial Infarction |
|
Definition
A) Atherosclerosis- build up of plaque in arterial walls
B) Ischemia- restriction in blood flow causing shortage of oxygen
C) Angina Pectoris- pain from lack of oxygen
D) Myocardial infarction- heart attack |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lipoproteins are cholesterol movers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LDL- low density lipoprotein “the bad one” |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of LDL? |
|
Definition
| Its function is to bring cholesterol to the cells for plasma membrane or hormone sythesis. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| HDL- high density lipoprotein “the good one” |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of HDL? |
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Definition
| Its function is to remove excess cholesterol to the liver for disposal into the bile. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of a heart attack for a male? |
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Definition
| Classical heart attack symptoms in males are pain in left shoulder, under breastbone, down arm, below ribs, pain in right shoulder, up to the neck jaw and teeth. |
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Term
| How are they different for a female? |
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Definition
| In females, the symptoms are dizziness, weakness, irregular heartbeat, nausea and abdominal pain. |
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Term
| What is the rate of good quality chest compressions? |
|
Definition
| Good quality chest compressions should be done at the rate of 100 compressions per minute. |
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Term
| What does a defribillator do? |
|
Definition
| A defibrillator provides an electric shock to the heart to allow it to regain a normal heart rhythm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An angiogram is an x-ray of the heart to look for blocked arteries. |
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Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what are the functions of Statins? |
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Definition
| Reduce the number of lipids in the blood. |
|
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Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what is the function of Coumadin? |
|
Definition
| Prevent more clots from forming. |
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|
Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what are the functions of Beta Blockers? |
|
Definition
| Reduce heart rate and blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what is the function of aspirin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what is the function of Calcium Channel Blockers? |
|
Definition
| Slow the heart allowing it to beat more efficiently. |
|
|
Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what is the function of nitroglycerin? |
|
Definition
| Dilates coronary arteries. |
|
|
Term
| In terms of heart disease medication, what are the functions of ACE inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| Dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow and relieve stress on the heart. |
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Term
| What part of the body regulates the heartbeat? |
|
Definition
| The brain regulates heartbeat. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Sinoatrial Node |
|
Definition
| The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Sinoatrial Node located? |
|
Definition
| It is located in the right atrium of the heart. |
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|
Term
| What is a normal heart rate? (bpm) |
|
Definition
| Normal heart rate is 70 beats per minute. |
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|
Term
| What is an ECG (EKG)? What purpose can it serve? |
|
Definition
| An ECG (EKG) is an electrocardiogram. It is used in the diagnosis of heart abnormality, determining irregular heartbeat and monitoring heart disease. |
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Term
| In terms of cardiac medical conditions, what is Myocarditis? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the cardiac muscle layer, can result from untreated streptococcal infection in children. |
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Term
| In terms of cardiac medical conditions, what is Mitral Valve Prolapse? |
|
Definition
| Affects 5% of the population, one or more flaps becomes incompetent and billows to the left atrium allowing blood regurgitation |
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|
Term
| In terms of problems with blood return, what is fainting? |
|
Definition
| Standing still too long without moving particularly lower body, less blood circulating because of accumulation in veins, already have low blood pressure |
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|
Term
| In terms of problems with blood return, what are varicose veins? |
|
Definition
| Stretching of veins caused by accumulation of blood, weak valves, standing too much |
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|
Term
| In terms of problems with blood return, what is lightheadedness from lifting? |
|
Definition
| Lightheadedness from lifting is caused from improper breathing |
|
|
Term
| In terms of problems with blood return, what is anemia? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to lack of iron in diet, hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen transport |
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Term
| What are the sounds of Korotkoff? |
|
Definition
| The sounds of Korotkoff are heard while taking blood pressure. The blood supply to the artery in the arm is cut off. As the pressure is released a thump is hear, this is the systolic number and then the thumping stops, this is the diastolic number |
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|
Term
| What is the aim for blood pressure? (good pressure) |
|
Definition
| Good blood pressure is 120/80 |
|
|
Term
| What are systolic and diastolic? |
|
Definition
| Systolic is the first number, it is the heart contracting and is the number when the first thump is heard. Diastolic is the second number, it is the heart relaxing and is the number when there is no longer thumping. |
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Term
| A systolic number greater than 140 and a diastolic number greater than 90 would be considered ______. The risk facters that lead to this are ______. (name four risk factors) |
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Definition
| Hypertension, risk factors- genetics, lifestyle, food and stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypotension is low blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| _____ are irregular heartbeats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tachycardia is when the heart beats too fast, more than 100 beats per minute. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bradycardia is when the heart beats too slow, less than 60 beats per minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrillation is rapid, ineffective heart beats. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hypertension and hypotension? |
|
Definition
| Hypertension is high blood pressure with systolic 140+ and diastolic 90+ and is the silent killer of 20% of Americans. Hypotension is low blood pressure which is caused from severe burns and blood loss and can cause dizziness and fainting |
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Term
| In terms of the interruption of blood supply, what is an aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| Bulging or burst blood vessel. |
|
|
Term
| In terms of the interruption of blood supply, what is a thrombus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of the interruption of blood supply, what is an embolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Transient Ischemic Attack; which are temporary interruptions of blood supply to an area of the brain, a “mini stroke”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inadequate oxygen to tissue due to insufficient blood flow due to plaque |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stroke is portion of the brain dying due to lack of oxygen caused by a clot or rupture of a blood vessel. Sudden brain damage. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different kinds of strokes? |
|
Definition
| Ischemic stroke which is a clot and makes up about 85% of all strokes. Hemorrhagic stroke is bleeding around/into the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A migraine is constrictions of the blood vessels in the brain which is very painful. About 20% of women get migraines at least one time in their life. Can make people miss work, class, etc. Peaks during 30-60 years of age. |
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|
Term
| Where is the pain distributed for sinus, cluster, tension headaches, and migraines? |
|
Definition
| Sinus pain is behind the brow bone or cheekbones. Cluster pain is in and around one eye. Tension pain is like a band squeezing the head. Migraine pain can cause nausea and visual changes. |
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|
Term
| Fat deposits in the _____ region increase the risk for heart disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine? |
|
Definition
| Endocrine excretes hormones into the blood stream and Exocrine uses ducts to put into the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is insulin? What cells secrete it? |
|
Definition
| Clusters of cells secreted by Beta cells in the pancreas that allows glucose to enter the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is glucagon? What cells secrete it? |
|
Definition
| Clusters of cells secreted by Alpha cells in the pancreas. |
|
|
Term
| In the diabetes video, who discovered the action of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of glucose? |
|
Definition
| To generate ATP (energy for muscles to move). If the substrate is Glucose the end product will be Pyruvic Acid. |
|
|
Term
| What does salivary amylase do? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down carbohydrates and is found in the saliva. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone allows you to tap into your stored glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
| Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar and Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The storage form of Glucose. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you eat a meal? |
|
Definition
| Food increases blood glucose insulin is released stimulate glucose uptake from cells. If you don’t eat; blood glucose decreases glucagon is released stimulate glucose release by glycogen breakdown. |
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|
Term
| If there is NO insulin, where does the glucose go? What happens to the blood glucose level? And how do cells get energy? |
|
Definition
| If there is no Insulin the glucose is filtered by the kidneys and flushed out by the urine. The blood glucose level increases. The cells must break down fat for protein to get energy. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms for diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Being really thirsty because of dehydration and having frequent urination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An auto-immune disease where the pancreas doesn’t produce Insulin so there is increased weight loss, tiredness, hunger, frequent urination and thirst. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Type I Diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pancreas makes no insulin. |
|
|
Term
| How is Type I Diabetes treated? |
|
Definition
| Blood glucose measurements, Daily Insulin Injections, Exercise and Diet. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Type II Diabetes? |
|
Definition
| Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) |
|
|
Term
| What is Type II Diabetes? |
|
Definition
| The pancreas produces some insulin, but not sufficient to lower the blood glucose level to normal. The cells increasingly lack the receptors for insulin detection. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of diabetes is more common? |
|
Definition
| Type II, 95% of diabetics |
|
|
Term
| How is Type II Diabetes treated? |
|
Definition
| Blood glucose Measurements, oral medication, exercise and diet, Insulin injections |
|
|
Term
| The fasting blood glucose concentration for a normal person is ______. For diabetic patient, the fasting blood glucose concentration is ______. |
|
Definition
| Normal: 80-90 mg/100ml. Diabetic: 110-140 mg/100 ml. |
|
|
Term
| After a meal, blood glucose concentration for a normal person is _____. For a diabetic patient, the blood glucose concentration after a meal is ______. |
|
Definition
| Normal: 120-140 mg/100ml . Diabetic: <200 / 100 ml |
|
|
Term
| What do you do to help someone that is hypoglycemic? |
|
Definition
| Give them sugar to bring up their blood glucose level. |
|
|
Term
| After eating a meal, when the hormone glucagon is released, what happens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hyperglycemia? What are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
| High blood glucose level. Dry, hot skin, deep labored breathing, fruity breath, drowsiness and great lethargy leading to stupor, excessive urination. |
|
|
Term
| What is hypoglycemia? What are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Low blood glucose level. Perspiration, pale skin, dizziness, hunger, shallow breathing, normal breath odor, confusion, disorientation, and strange behavior. |
|
|
Term
| What impact does alcohol have on a diabetic? |
|
Definition
| It increases blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
| What is diabetic neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| The network of nerves in your feet are damaged causing the sensation of pain to be reduced and increasing the possibility of amputation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes causes an excessive amount of glucose to remain in the bloodstream, which may damage the blood vessels. Within the eye the damaged vessels may leak blood and fluid into the surrounding tissues and cause vision problems. |
|
|
Term
| What is fetal hyperglycemia? |
|
Definition
| When glucose can’t get in the mothers cells, it goes to the babies. It occurs when the fetal beta cells secrete extra insulin, it enhances growth of fat deposits, fetuses can become abnormally large. |
|
|
Term
What are some of the factors that influence how and to what extent alcohol affects the brain?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
| How much, and how often a person drinks, the age he/she first began drinking, how long he/she has been drinking, the person’s age, gender, genetic background, family history of alcohol, general health status. |
|
|
Term
Are women more vulnerable to alcohol's effects than men?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? And what are the symptoms?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
| A disease. A short-lived condition Wernicke’s encephalopathy 80-90% develop a long-lasting Korsakoff’s psychosis. Symptoms include mental confusion, paralysis of the nerves that move the eyes, and difficulty with muscle coordination. |
|
|
Term
How is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome treated?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
| Administering thiamine to improve brain function. |
|
|
Term
What is Hepatic Encephalopathy?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
| A potentially fatal brain disorder resulting from excessive alcohol consumption. |
|
|
Term
What things can be done to treat people who have been prenatally exposed to alcohol?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
| Possibly complex motor training, teach motor skills. |
|
|
Term
What is neurogenesis?
("Alcohol's Effects on the Brain" Article) |
|
Definition
| The process where new neurons are generated in adulthood. |
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