Term
Ch 1
In order for a hypothesis to be able to be used in science, which of the following must be true?
It must be proven correct.
It must be popularly accepted.
It represents established facts.
It is testable and falsifiable.
It must be reproducible. |
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Definition
| It is testable and falsifiable. |
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Term
The Scientific Method
In the course of a conversation, you observe that three of your friends like horror movies. Horror movies happen to be your favorite type of movie as well. You also know that all of these friends were born in the same week that you were, even in the same year.
An astrology-loving friend hypothesizes that people born in that week like horror movies more than other genres of movies. You decide to use the scientific method to test this hypothesis.
What should you do next?
Come up with a theory to explain why movie preference is related to birth week.
Perform experiments to test your hypothesis.
Propose several alternative hypotheses.
Refine your hypothesis. |
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Definition
| Perform experiments to test your hypothesis. |
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Term
The Scientific Method
Which of the following experiments would best test your hypothesis?
Ask your friends if they also like the same type of music that you like.
Interview all of your friends and find out if the ones born in other weeks also like the same types of movies that you like.
Find other people born in the same week and ask them what their favorite type of movie is.
Find other people born in the same week and tell them what your favorite movie is. Ask them if they also liked that movie. |
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Definition
| Find other people born in the same week and ask them what their favorite type of movie is. |
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Term
The Scientific Method
You want to be as careful as possible that the variable of interest--namely, favorite movie genre--is clearly distinguishable from any other variables. To do so, first you must be careful to find a random sampling of people who share your birth week, avoiding simply talking to friends with whom you share common interests. Second, you need to provide your subjects with a questionnaire on which they are asked to circle their favorite genre from a list, so that you are not tempted to interpret their answers in your favor. You must be certain not to tell them what you are seeking to prove or disprove; that way their answers will not be influenced by your stated goal. You must also make the surveys anonymous to ensure that your subjects aren't simply giving you the answers they think you want them to give.
After finding a random sample of 10 people born in the same week as you and your friends, you obtain these results from their questionnaires:
4 of them prefer comedies,
3 of them prefer dramas,
2 of them prefer action movies, and
1 of them prefers westerns.
As a control, you also interview 14 random people with birthdays throughout the year. You obtain results similar to the results of your experimental group and your friends:
3 of them prefer comedies,
4 of them prefer dramas,
3 of them prefer action movies, and
1 of them prefers westerns
What should you do next?
Refine your hypothesis.
Come up with a theory to explain why movie preference is only sometimes related to birth week.
Perform further interviews until you find more people who prefer horror movies.
Assume that the 10 people you interviewed were lying about their birth week. Conduct further interviews in which you ask movie preference first and only ask about birth week when people say they like horror movies. |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 1
A controlled experiment is one in which:
the experiment proceeds at a slow pace to guarantee that the scientist can carefully observe all reactions and process all experimental data.
the experiment is repeated many times to ensure that the results are accurate.
there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment.
there are at least two groups, one differing from the other by two or more variables.
there is one group for which the scientist controls all variables. |
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Definition
| there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment. |
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Term
Ch 1
Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment?
The control group is exposed to only one variable rather than several.
The control is left alone by the experimenters.
Only the experimental group is tested or measured.
The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable.
The control group is kept in an unchanging environment. |
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Definition
| The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable. |
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Term
Ch 1
Select the correct statement about the process of scientific inquiry.
It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments.
The goal of scientific research is to prove the stated hypothesis.
If the results of an experiment do not support the hypothesis that is tested, the experiment is badly designed. |
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Definition
| It is possible to test hypotheses, such as those involving historical events, without conducting experiments. |
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Term
Classification Schemes
Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.
Bacteria and Archaea
Bacteria and Eukarya
Bacteria and Protista
Bacteria
Protista and Archaea |
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Definition
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Term
Classification Schemes
In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.
Protista
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
Monera |
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Definition
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Term
Classification Schemes
A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Fungi
Eukarya ... Protista
Eukarya ... Plantae
Eukarya ... Animalia
Bacteria ... Archaea |
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Definition
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Term
Classification Schemes
A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Fungi
Eukarya ... Protista
Eukarya ... Plantae
Eukarya ... Animalia
Bacteria ... Archaea |
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Definition
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Term
Classification Schemes
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?
Fungi
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
Monera |
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Definition
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Term
Classification Schemes
In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae?
They are sedentary.
They are heterotrophs.
They lack cell walls.
They are unicellular.
They are autotrophs. |
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Definition
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Term
Classification Schemes
There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
one
two
three
four
five |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 26
Cladograms (a type of phylogenetic tree) constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in
the pattern of embryological development.
habitat and lifestyle choices.
mutations to homologous genes.
morphology.
biochemical pathways. |
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Definition
| mutations to homologous genes. |
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Term
Ch 26
In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is
a character useful for sorting bird species.
a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.
a shared ancestral character.
an example of analogy rather than homology.
a shared derived character. |
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Definition
| a shared ancestral character. |
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Term
Ch 27
The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and, once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?
1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
2. membrane composed mostly of phospholipids
3. peptidoglycan
4. capsule
2, 4, 3, 1
1, 3, 4, 2
4, 3, 1, 2
1, 4, 3, 2
4, 1, 3, 2 |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 27
In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?
1. nucleoid region
2. endospore
3. fimbriae
4. plasmids
1 and 2 only
1 and 4 only
1, 2, and 4
2 and 4 only
1 only |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 27
Match the numbered terms to the description that follows. Choose all appropriate terms.
1. autotroph
2. heterotroph
3. phototroph
4. chemotroph
an organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting prey
2 and 4
1 and 3
1 only
4 only
1, 3, and 4 |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 27
Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic cells?
biofilms
photoautotrophy
binary fission
endotoxin release
endospore formation |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 27
Which of the following statements is not true?
Archaea and bacteria have different membrane lipids.
Both archaea and bacteria generally lack membrane-enclosed organelles.
The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.
Only some archaea use to oxidize , releasing methane.
Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. |
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Definition
| Only bacteria have histones associated with DNA. |
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria.
chlorophytes ... ciliates
trichomonads ... diplomonads
euglenozoans ... alveolates
fungi ... stramenopiles
dinoflagellates ... metazoans |
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Definition
| trichomonads ... diplomonads |
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes.
Rhodophyta
Chlorophyta
Alveolata
Stramenopila
Mycetozoa |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____.
photoheterotrophic
decomposers
chemoheterotrophic
photosynthetic
chemoautotrophic |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness?
ciliates
diatoms
metazoans
kinetoplastids
brown algae |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds?
diatoms, golden algae, and brown a
algae
plants, fungi, and choanoflagellates
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and green algae
chlorophytes, charophyceans, and red
algae
brown algae, red algae, and green algae |
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Definition
| brown algae, red algae, and green algae |
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______.
cellular slime molds
golden algae
brown algae
water molds
diatoms |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica?
plants
diatoms
brown algae
plasmodial slime molds
diplomonads |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____.
plasmodial slime molds
ciliate
apicomplexan
diatom
entamoeba |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
A paramecium is a(n) _____.
metazoan
dinoflagellate
ciliate
apicomplexan
diatom |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
The largest seaweeds are _____.
red algae
diatoms
brown algae
green algae
dinoflagellates |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia.
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
diatoms
diplomonads |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella?
Stramenopila
Rhodophyta
Alveolata
Euglenozoa
Metazoa |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water?
metazoans
diatoms
green algae
red algae
brown algae |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for the powdery mildew of grapes and late potato blight? \
water molds
red algae
plants
plasmodial slime molds
diatoms |
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Definition
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Term
Tentative Phylogeny of Eukaryotes
Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup?
red algae
chlorophytes
brown algae
golden algae
diatoms |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 28
Which of the following is characteristic of ciliates?
They can exchange genetic material with other ciliates by the process of mitosis.
They are relatively specialized cells.
They are often multinucleate.
Most live as solitary autotrophs in fresh water.
They use pseudopods as locomotory structures or as feeding structures |
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Definition
| They are often multinucleate. |
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Term
Ch 28
Diatoms are mostly asexual members of the phytoplankton. Diatoms lack any organelles that might have the 9+2 pattern. They obtain their nutrition from functional chloroplasts, and each diatom is encased within two porous, glasslike valves. Which question would be most important for one interested in the day-to-day survival of individual diatoms?
How does carbon dioxide get into these protists with their glasslike valves?
How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters?
How do diatom sperm cells locate diatom egg cells?
How do diatoms get transported from one location on the water's surface layers to another location on the surface?
How do diatoms with their glasslike valves avoid being shattered by the action of waves? |
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Definition
| How do diatoms with their glasslike valves keep from sinking into poorly lit waters? |
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Term
Ch 28
You are given five test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to read the following description and match these five protists to the correct test tube.
In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. Your sketch of the organism looks very similar to the figure. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silica. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tubes 2, 4, and 5 reveals the presence of permanent, membrane-bounded sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of organisms in test tube 4 reveals the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents in test tube 5 reveals the presence of one large nucleus and several small nuclei in each organism.
Test tube 2 contains
Plasmodium.
Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate).
Paramecium.
Navicula (diatom).
Entamoeba. |
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Definition
| Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate). |
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Term
Ch 28
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which group?
radiolarians and forams
gymnamoebas
entamoebas
amoeboid stage of cellular slime molds
oomycetes |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 28
Living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of Earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?
The coral animals, which capture planktonic organisms, may be outcompeted by the diatoms.
The coral animals may die from overeating the plentiful diatoms, with their cases of silica.
The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms.
The diatoms' photosynthetic output may over-oxygenate the water. |
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Definition
| The coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms. |
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Term
Ch 28
Which of the features below are found in all protist lineages?
Organelles that arose by secondary endosymbiosis.
Plastids
Mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
Fungal Morphology and Physiology
The following statements describe something about the body structures or functions of fungi. Identify those statements that are correct.
Select all that apply.
Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients.
Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption.
Nutrients can flow through the entire mycelium in fungi with coenocytic hyphae, but not in fungi with septate hyphae.
All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts.
Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms.
Cellulose gives rigidity and strength to the cell walls of fungi. |
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Definition
Some fungi secrete digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb the digested nutrients.
Mycelia are made up of small-diameter hyphae that form an interwoven mass, providing more surface area for nutrient absorption.
All fungi are heterotrophs; some species live as decomposers and others as symbionts.
Some fungi can grow as either filamentous or single-celled forms. |
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Term
Ch 31
Select the correct statement(s) about the origin of fungi.
Select all that apply.
Fungi are more closely related to plants than to animals.
Multicellularity probably arose independently in fungi and animals.
Fungi evolved after the first plants colonized land. |
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Definition
| Multicellularity probably arose independently in fungi and animals. |
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Term
Ch 31
Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?
parasitic lifestyle
coenocytic hyphae
flagellated spores
formation of resistant zygosporangia
the absence of chitin within the cell wall |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 31
For several decades now, amphibian species worldwide have been in decline. A significant proportion of the decline seems to be due to the spread of the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Chytrid sporangia reside within the epidermal cells of infected animals, animals that consequently show areas of sloughed skin. They can also be lethargic, which is expressed through failure to hide and failure to flee. The infection cycle typically takes four to five days, at the end of which zoospores are released from sporangia into the environment. In some amphibian species, mortality rates approach 100%; other species seem able to survive the infection.
The chytrid sporangia reside within the amphibian epidermal cells. Consequently, which term(s) apply to Bd?
1. ectosymbionts
2. parasites
3. commensals
4. pathogens
5. endosymbionts
2, 3, and 5
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 4
2, 4, and 5 |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 31
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following?
1. cells with a single haploid nucleus
2. heterokaryotic cells
3. dikaryotic cells
4. cells with two diploid nuclei
1 or 3
2 or 3
1 or 2
3 or 4
2 or 4 |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 31
Please refer to the following information to answer the question.
Diploid nuclei of the ascomycete, Neurospora crassa, contain 14 chromosomes. A single diploid cell in an ascus will undergo one round of meiosis, followed in each of the daughter cells by one round of mitosis, producing a total of eight ascospores.
What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore?
tetraploid
haploid
diploid
triploid
polyploid |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 31
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to
avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes.
the increased probability of contact between different mating types.
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.
the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms.
the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats. |
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Definition
| an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. |
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Term
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
roots and shoots
embryo development within gametangia
vascular tissue
pollen
chloroplasts |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 29
Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that
charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants.
plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.
scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any kind of alga.
alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of generations. |
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Definition
| plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae. |
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Term
Ch 29
Big Bend National Park in Texas is mostly Chihuahuan desert, where rainfall averages about 10 inches per year. Yet, it is not uncommon when hiking in this bone-dry desert to encounter mosses and ferns. One such plant is called "flower of stone." It is not a flowering plant, nor does it produce seeds. Under arid conditions, its leaflike structures curl up. However, when it rains, it unfurls its leaves, which form a bright green rosette on the desert floor. Consequently, it is sometimes called the "resurrection plant." At first glance, it could be a fern, a true moss, or a spike moss.
Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups flower of stone belongs?
1. a sporophyte generation that is dominant
2. true leaves and roots
3. flagellated sperm
4. strobili
5. alternation of generations
3 and 5
1 and 5
5 only
2 and 3
2, 4, and 5 |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 29
Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?
Spores are primarily distributed by water currents.
The haploid generation grows on the sporophyte generation.
The growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.
The sporophyte generation is dominant.
Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. |
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Definition
| Antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. |
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Term
Fern Life Cycle
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
meiosis ... meiosis
binary fission ... mitosis
mitosis ... mitosis
mitosis ... meiosis
meiosis ... mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
Fern Life Cycle
Where do fern antheridia develop?
on the tip of the sporophyte
on the underside of the gametophyte
on the tip of the haploid protonema
on the underside of the sporophyte
on the tip of the gametophyte |
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Definition
| on the underside of the gametophyte |
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Term
Fern Life Cycle
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.
haploid gametophyte
diploid sorus
diploid sporophyte
diploid gametophyte
haploid sporophyte |
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Definition
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Term
Ch 29
The question is based on the following description.
A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content.
This organism probably belongs to the same phylum as the
ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
charophytes.
conifers.
club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses. |
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Definition
| club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses. |
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Term
Ch 29
Select the correct statement about charophytes, a taxon of green algae.
Living charophytes are the algal ancestors of land plants.
Charophytes and land plants share four distinctive traits.
Charophytes are embryophytes. |
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Definition
| Charophytes and land plants share four distinctive traits. |
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Term
Ch 29
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
similar sperm structure
the presence of chloroplasts
similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose
genetic similarities in chloroplasts |
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Definition
| the presence of chloroplasts |
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Term
NOT MAKE NOTECARDS FOR:
-Assignment 1: 3
-Assignment 2: 3, 5
-Assignment 3: 3
-Assignment 4: ---
-Assignemnt 5: 1 (Part A & C)
-Assignment 6: 5 (Part B) |
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Definition
| LOOK ON MASTERINGBIOLOGY FOR |
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