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BSC-109
Test 3
208
Other
Not Applicable
04/25/2005

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Term
What are 2 systems that exercise major control over the body?
Definition
Nervous system and endocrine system
Term
How fast does each system bring about contol?
Definition
Nervous systme works its control very rapidly while the endocrine system brings about its effects very slowly.
Term
How are secretions in the body secreted?
Definition
Through ducts
Term
Where do openings in the skin come from?
Definition
Glands and ducts
Term
Does the endocrine system have ducts?
Definition
No, its secretions are emptied directly into the blood
Term
What do we call secretions from the endocrine system?
Definition
Hormones
Term
What is a hormone?
Definition
A type of chemical produced in one part of the body and then trnasported through blood to another part where it has a physical or physiological effect
Term
How much of the body can one hormone affect?
Definition
They can affect just one organ or a large group of cells
Term
What is one hormone that affects nearly the entire body?
Definition
Growth, which comes out of the pituatary gland
Term
What are characteristics of growth?
Definition
It is extremely powerful and secreted in very tiny amounts
Term
What is vasoconstriction?
Definition
Constriction of blood vessels that causes a change in blood pressure (High Blood Pressure)
Term
What characteristics do some worrysome and high strung people have?
Definition
Constricted blood vessels and high blood pressure
Term
What is homeostasis?
Definition
The ability to keep the body in the same state....we have internal mechanisms that make the body stay in the same state
Term
What is an example of how homeostasis works?
Definition
When you are hot you sweat, and when you are cold you shiver
Term
How can you tell when your homeostasis level is not accurate?
Definition
When you are sick
Term
Give an example of negative feedback
Definition
You set the thermostat in your house at 68. When the temp. outside drops the heat turns on and the temperature goes back up to 68. When you get back to 68 the heater turns off.
Term
Give an example in the body of negative feedback
Definition
When your O2 level drops, this stimulates the kidneys to secrete EPO(Eurythropoietin)/The EPO then circulates in the blood and goes to the bone marrow, which increases the number of RBC's
Term
When would your body need negative feedback?
Definition
When you are in a place with a high altitude
Term
How long does it take for your body to adjust to a high altitude?
Definition
2-3 days
Term
Do people who live in cold climates have a high or low metabolism?
Definition
High because metabolism produces heat...people who live in these climates must produce heat
Term
What effect does positive feedback have?
Definition
Causes an increase in hormones
Term
What is oxytocin and where does it come from?
Definition
It is released from the pituitary gland and causes the uterine muscles to contract during childbirth...it actually causes labor
Term
Is negative or positive feedback more important?
Definition
Negative
Term
What parts of the body does the endocrine system involve?
Definition
It involves the hypothallamus, and the pit. gland which hangs from a little stalk attached to the hypothallamus
Term
Which part of our body reveals our personality traits?
Definition
Hypothallamus
Term
What sensors does the hypothallamus contain?
Definition
Sensors for hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions, and many others
Term
Where do releasing factors or RH (releasing hormones) come from?
Definition
The hypothallamus
Term
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Definition
It is wrapped around the neck
Term
What does the pituitary gland consist of?
Definition
2 lobes (posterior and anterior)
Term
Which lobe of the pituitary gland releases the most hormones?
Definition
The anterior
Term
What does the posterior lobe of the pit. gland release?
Definition
2 hormones: oxytocin and ADH
Term
What is prolactin?
Definition
A hormone that stimulates the production of milk
Term
What are endorphins?
Definition
Endorphins are pain relievers...sometimes runner experience a high from a large amount of endorphins being released/endorphins are blocked in drug addicts
Term
What is the function of the thyroid?
Definition
It is located below the voice box and controls metabolism
Term
What is metabolism?
Definition
Sum of all the chemical reactions in a living thing
Term
Does the lining of the digestive system have to be renewed?
Definition
Yes, every 3 days
Term
What are the 2 major hormones in the thyroid gland?
Definition
T4(Thyroxine) and T3
Term
Explain TRH (Thyrotropic Releasing Hormone)
Definition
If you are in a very cold area the body receptors send impulses throughout the nerves in the body and the temp. begins to drop. When you receive this stimulus and blood is slightly cooled, the cells in the hypothallamus stimulate neurons that release TRH...When released they move down into the pituitary gland, which then releases TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormones)...Once TSH is secreted it stimulates the thyroid gland/The gland responds by releasing T4...As T4 is released it rises in blood and you begin to metabolize more rapidly...T4 goes to body cells and increases the metabolic rate/This produces heat
Term
What effect does a high altitude have on the body?
Definition
It causes a higher number of RBC's
Term
What are some problems with the thyroid?
Definition
Hyperthyroid-metabolic rate is too fast
Hypothyroid-not enough thyroid hormones
Term
What is the function of T3 in relation to T4?
Definition
They have essentially the same function
Term
What causes goiter?
Definition
Hyperthyroid...it swells because it tries so hard to produce the hormone
Term
What are the 2 mjaor functional areas of the adrenal glands?
Definition
The cortex and medulla
Term
How do the adrenal glands function?
Definition
Stress(physical or mental) stimules the body/the body then releases CRF or corticotropic releasing hormone from the hypothallamus and it drips into the anterior pituitary/the pituitary gland then releases ACTH which is adrenalcortictropic hormone/this acts on the adrenal cortex by stimulation/the adrenal cortex then releases cortisol
Term
What does cortisol do?
Definition
Mobilizes proteins that are used to heal the body/when cortisol is being used the level of useable amino acids increases greatly/this allows bones to heal/it raises blood sugar level, BP(maybe to deliver O2 more rapidly during healing)
Term
What does cortisone do?
Definition
It reduces stress/athletes get these shots to reduce pain caused by inflamation
Term
What does arthritis mean?
Definition
Inflamation of joints
Term
What is the medulla and what does it do?
Definition
The tissue that forms the core of adrenal glands is a mass of nervous tissues or sympathetic neurons (part of the ANS)/sympathetic nerve leads into the medulla/stress is again the stimuli/impulse travels into the medulla through the sympathetic nerve/medulla then releases epinephrine, which we usually call adrenaline
Term
What are androgens?
Definition
They are secreted by the zona reticularies/similar to testosterone/if there is a tumor in the adrenal glands and you have hypersecretions of this in females/you have masculinizing effects/in males, the androgens would turn to testosterone
Term
How does the body create a stress response?
Definition
The nerve goes from the hypothallamus to the spinal cord, into the sypathetic nerves, and then into the adrenal medulla to create a stress response
Term
What is the "Fight or Flight" response?
Definition
These types of stress are chronic and have detrimental effects on people/POW have been studied for information in this area/their minds, heart, blood vessels...have been effected
Term
What is the function of the pancreas?
Definition
Contains specific endocrine cells that secrete hormones: 1)insulin and 2)glucagon/cells that secrete insulin are called beta cells and the cells that secrete glucagon are called alpha cells
Term
What is the condition called when the body's blood sugar level is too high or low?
Definition
If the blood sugar level is too high it is called hyperglycemia, too low is called hypoglycemia
Term
What is the function of insulin?
Definition
Necessary for glucose to enter body cells, primarily liver and muscle/acts on the brain to permit the cells to allow glucose to get inside
Term
What would your condition be if you didn't have insulin?
Definition
Hyperglycemia because the glucose cannot be absorbed, and is floating around in the blood stream
Term
What is the function of glucagon?
Definition
Isn't active while insulin is/it has the opposite effects of insulin/blood glucose will increase
Term
How does the body function to keep blood sugar level where it should be?
Definition
2 hormones are interacting/they use negative feedback, but not on the brain
Term
How does blood sugar level function when you eat?
Definition
When you eat the blood sugar level begins to rise/this increased glucose level stimulates the pancreas to release insulin/insulin open passageways of body cells and allows glucose to get in
Term
What happens when we eat excess sugar?
Definition
We store it as glycogen in the liver, primarily
Term
How do you store glucose?
Definition
Insulin allows the liver to take up the extra glucose and store it for when you need extra energy
Term
What happens when the blood sugar level gets too low?
Definition
Glucagon is stimulated/it raises the blood sugar level if it drops/it doesn't allow cells to take up glucose/stimulates the liver to release glucose and get the sugar level back up
Term
How many types of diabetes are there?
Definition
2: Type I and Type II
Term
What is Type I diabetes?
Definition
The body loses insulin and can't release it because beta cells are destroyed because of an attack on the pancreas/This causes hyperglycemia
Term
What is Type II diabetes?
Definition
No destruction of cells, but insulin doesn't work and the cells do not respond
Term
What happens with arthritis?
Definition
An antigen attacks joint tissue
Term
Can a person with Type I do anything to help the condition and is it genetic?
Definition
Yes, take shorts of insulin/This is genetic
Term
How does a person contract Type II?
Definition
Occurs around 40 years of age in overweight people
Term
What is one major problem with diabetes?
Definition
The body metabolizes fats for energy, instead of sugar/body uses fatty acids which lower the pH of blood
Term
What is the average pH of blood and what happens when the pH falls or rises?
Definition
Average is 7.4.If the pH falls 1/2 unit down to about 6.9 the diabetic will pass out/this causes the diabetic coma if it lasts too long
If pH went over 7.5, the body would become agitated and have spasms
Term
What are the major organs of the urinary system?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
Where are the kidneys and how do they function?
Definition
They sit above waist in small of back/they are embedded in a network of fat tissue that protects them/1 ureter extends from each kidney/ they both empty into the urinary bladder/urethra then releases urine to outside/urethra is longer in males than females
Term
What is cystitis?
Definition
Inflamation of the bladder/more commone in females
Term
What do kidney stones do?
Definition
They clog the ureter/urine cannot be released and it backs up becoming toxic to the tissue in the kidneys
Term
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Definition
To clean and clear blood plasma
Term
What is urine?
Definition
Clean or filtered blood plasma
Term
How much of blood plasma is water?
Definition
90%
Term
Every liquid solution in the body is over what percentage water?
Definition
90%
Term
What is responsible for clearing blood plasma?
Definition
The nephron/there are about 1 million in each kidney
Term
Which elements does it take to create proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids?
Definition
Proteins: C,H,O,N
Carbohydrates: C,H,O
Lipids: C,H,O
Term
What is bad about the nitrogen in proteins?
Definition
It is toxic to living cells so we must excrete excess N
Term
What happpens after digestion?
Definition
Carbs and proteins go into the liver and the liver then releases them into circulation/while in the liver, an enzyme cuts off the amino group (H2N) which combines with H to give you NH3(Ammonia)/at this point NH3 is free in your liver/it combines with CO2 to form urea
Term
What is urea?
Definition
The combination of NH3 and CO2/ one of the major waste products the kidney gets rid of
Term
What is the major form in which birds excrete N?
Definition
Uric acid/this can destroy buildings, statues...
Term
What is uremia?
Definition
Presense of urine in the blood containing N/a.k.a. uremic poisoning
Term
What is BUN?
Definition
Blood urea N/this tests to see how much blood from the urea you have in the body/if high you may have uremia
Term
What are the functions of the nephron?
Definition
Waste removal-urea, water balance in the body, ion balance, pH balance
Term
What are some ions in the body?
Definition
Na+,K+,Cl-,Mg2+,Ca2+
Term
Which ions are involved in nerve impulse?
Definition
Na+ and K+
Term
How does blood get into the kidneys?
Definition
The right and left renal arteries take oxygenated blood from left ventricle and direct it into the kidneys/when they get into the kidneys they branch ito smaller arteries and arterioles and then capillaries/capillaries allow exchange to occur
Term
How are blood capillaries in the kidneys different than capillaries in other parts of the body?
Definition
They are more permeable and there are many more
Term
What takes place in the nephron?
Definition
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion
Term
What does the ureter lead into ?
Definition
It comes out of each kidney and into the urinary bladder
Term
What does blood do once it is in the kidneys?
Definition
It is cleaned and then it re-enters the venules that run alongside the artery/They eventually run into the renal veins and then go back to the inferior vena cava/the blood then entes the right atrium
Term
What happens once urine is formed?
Definition
All nephrons place fluid in pelvis and then out of ureter and into urinary bladder
Term
How many nephrons are in each kidney?
Definition
About 1 million
Term
What does a nephron look like?
Definition
A long tube with many twists and turns/it also has a Loop of Henle
Term
Does the whole nephron have the same permeability?
Definition
No
Term
What is the glomerulus?
Definition
It is the part of the nephron where filtration begins/it starts from a branch of the renal arteries
Term
What surrounds the nephron?
Definition
A thick mass of capillaries called peritubular capillaries/these are right against the wall of tubule/things can cross the tubule and capillaries
Term
What happens to blood in the peritubular capillaries?
Definition
It goes into ta venule and out through teh renal vein
Term
How does filtration work in the nephron?
Definition
When blood comes into the glumerulus the capillaries are highly permeable and Blood pressure is higher/there is a net outward force on the inside of the capillary walls/ capillaries are so permeable that very small things can pass out of the glumerulus(water molecules, ions, urea-from proteins thatt you eat,small molecules such as monossacharies, fatty acids, amino acids can pass through) and get into Bowman's capsule
Term
What is the substance that passes through your nephron called?
Definition
Filtrate
Term
What happens to things that are too large to pass through the nephron?
Definition
They come out into the peritubular capillaries
Term
Do RBC's, WBC's, and platelets usually pass through the glomerulus?
Definition
No, they are not part of the filtrate
Term
What does Bowman's capusule usually contain?
Definition
Substances filtered out of blood
Term
How are things added and removed from the nephron?
Definition
Filtrate is monitored by nephron while going through turns
Term
What does salt do to your body?
Definition
It draws more water out of your cells
Term
What does gatorade do?
Definition
It contains ions in your body fluids/they replace the electrolytes your body contains
Term
What do the capillaries in the kidneys do?
Definition
They force very small molecules to pass right through and out of the glumerulus/the RBC's, WBC's, and platelets stay in the glumerulus and get in peritubular capillaries
Term
What is filtrate?
Definition
What passes through/monitored while in tubes of nephron
Term
What is reabsorption?
Definition
Substances going through the tubule can pass out of tubule and into capillary blood (puts things that shouldn't have been filteredout back into the blood)
Term
What is secretion?
Definition
Things in the blood that should have been taken out, but weren't, are secreted into the tubule
Term
What are the four things that the kidneys take care of?
Definition
Waste balance, water balance, ion balance, and pH(H+) balance
Term
Where does urea come from?
Definition
Amino acids in proteins
Term
How does the body secrete H+ ions
Definition
If you consume highly acidic foods your body will begin to produce them
Term
What do kidneys do when you exercise?
Definition
They try to keep water in the body while exercising or while your fluids are low
Term
What happens to the substance that comes out of the glomerulus?
Definition
It goes into Bowman's capsule and moves into the tubule
Term
What is the permeability of the Loop of Henley?
Definition
It is highly permeable to water, but not solids
Term
What happens when salt is put in a solution?
Definition
It turns into Na+ and Cl-
Term
What happens in the Loop of Henley?
Definition
Water comes out on one side and salt comes out on the other
Term
What is ADH and what does it do?
Definition
It is anti-diuretic hormone/it prevents loss of water/if you consume a lot of fluid you are inhibiting ADH/it acts on the walls of the collecting duct/causes an increase in the permeability of the walls/when you inhibit ADH the fluid goes directly through the collecting duct and into the uretus/when you don't have enough fluid ADH is released and water is retained
Term
What does a high concentration of salt do?
Definition
It helps pull water out of the collecting duct
Term
What happpens after you consume a lot of alcohol?
Definition
You have to excrete a lot because alcohol inhibits ADH/ the openings in the collecting ducts stay closed/ thirst and headache are the primary indicators of dehydration
Term
What are some of the long-term dangers of alcoholism?
Definition
Liver has enzymes involved in detoxification/the only way to sober up is to let the liver detoxify the alcohol (length depends on metabolism)/ chronic alcoholism causes the liver to overload and it forms tough fibers and knots vs. a healthy liver with a spongy feel/liver performs several hundred functions
Term
When did immunology come to the forefront of science?
Definition
With the outbreak of HIV and AIDS
Term
What is immunology?
Definition
The ability of the body to recognize and defend us against infection and disease
Term
What does pathogenic mean?
Definition
Disease causing
Term
What are the 2 major pathogens?
Definition
1)Bacteria-many different strains
2)Viruses-not living things/a virus is a section of nucleic acid
Term
What are the 2 nucleic acids?
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
What is DNA?
Definition
The major constituent of chromosomes
Term
What is a virus?
Definition
A piece of DNA/covered in a capsule called a proteins/ viruses are obligate parasites (they are obligated to live in a living tissue)
Term
How many strands is RNA?
Definition
1 strand
Term
Where are chromosomes located?
Definition
In the nucleus of the cells
Term
What is the most contagious virus on earth and what is it caused by?
Definition
The common cold and it is caused by a rhino(nose) virus
Term
Why can't the cold be cured?
Definition
There are a variety of rhino viruses and 1 vaccine can't cure them all
Term
What do bacteria do?
Definition
They convert nitrogen to oxygen in plants
Term
How many types of allergens are there?
Definition
Thousands
Term
Are allergens involved with the specific or non-specific innune system?
Definition
Specific
Term
Are immune systemsinherited?
Definition
Yes, but everyone's is different
Term
What is an antigen?
Definition
Anything capable of causing the production of antibodies, which are small blood proteins
Term
What could qualify as an anitgen?
Definition
Bacteria, virus, pollen, dust, etc.
Term
Why can't antibodies fight off AIDS?
Definition
The antibodies we produce aren't powerful enough
Term
What are foreign antigens and self antigens?
Definition
Foreign antigens come from outside the body and self come from inside
Term
What are the 2 areas of immuity?
Definition
Nonspecific immune response and specific immune response
Term
What is the nonspecific immune response?
Definition
It does not require that the body have any knowledge or recognition of that organism
Term
What is the specific immune response?
Definition
You 1st must be invaded by the antigen and you many contract the disease/the 2nd time the antigen gets into your body you have an immunity to it
Term
What is an example of the specific immune response?
Definition
Chicken pox
Term
What is the body's first line of defense?
Definition
Skin and various secretions/skin provides a physical barrier/saliva and tears contain bacteria that destroy enzymes called lysozymes/secretions are primarily effective against bacteria
Term
What is the body's second line of defense?
Definition
Involves many cell types/phagocyte-cell type that engulfs an organism, releases enzymes and destorys the bacteria/we have fixed phagocytes in the body/NK-natural killer cells
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
Attraction by chemicals
Term
What are macrophages and what do they do?
Definition
They are large phagocytes/they are in the nervous system, respiratory system, etc./fixed macrophages remain in one place and moving migrate to various tissues/ moving are moved in the bloodstream
Term
Do fixed and moving phagocytes work the 1st time?
Definition
Yes, they work when they first detect the infection
Term
What kind of cell in the body is sometimes phagocytic?
Definition
White blood cells/they attack infections the first time they detect them too
Term
What do natural killers do?
Definition
Act against cancer and viral infections/they lock on to a surface of the membrane and inject a chemical
Term
Do natural killers recognize an organism the 1st time?
Definition
Yes
Term
What is the body's 3rd line of defense?
Definition
Inflammatory response
Term
How does the inflammatory response work?
Definition
Ex. When you cut your finger, your body releases chemicals that make capillaries more permeable/plasma leaks out of capillaries and into tissues/this causes swelling/ WBC's form puss when they mix with tissue cells
Term
What is the body's 4th line of defense?
Definition
Fever inactivates bacteria/Pyrogens contribute to fever/Things that get in the body such as toxins released by bacteria cause fevers
Term
What are interferons?
Definition
They prevent the spread of vius after it has infected cretain cells
Term
What is viral replication?
Definition
One of the primary ways in which a virus destorys living cells/ viruses replicate so much that they cause the cell to disintegrate/sometimes they cause the virus to protrude
Term
What happens when we interfere with a virus?
Definition
Surrounding cells secrete enzymes so they can't spread/these react against foreign antigens 1st time
Term
What are the main cells involved with the specific immune response?
Definition
T Cells and B Cells
Term
Where do T and B Cells come from?
Definition
They arise in bone marrow
Term
What is the thymus gland?
Definition
It shrinks as we get older, but when young it is right above the heart/hormones act on lymphocytes that circulate withing the thymus/lymphocytes become T Cells when acted on in the thymus/some T Cells pass through here
Term
Where do T Cells take up residence?
Definition
Some in lymph nodes, some in the spleen, and some circulate in the blood
Term
Where do B Cells take up residence and where are they acted on?
Definition
They are acted on by hormones while in the bone marrow and they take up residence in lymph nodes and spleen just like T Cells
Term
How many types of T Cells are there and what are the types?
Definition
3 Basic Types:
1)Killer or cytotoxic T Cells (Tc)
-those are the T cells that zero in on a foreign antigen and attempt to destroy it
2)Helper T Cells (Th)
-They lock onto another type of T or B Cell and release chemicals that allow the T or B Cell to function
-Tc must be activated by Th
-If Th are not present or are inadequate in # you can't have a specific immune response
3)Supressor T Cells(Ts)
-They supress and keep downt he population of T and B Cells
-They prevent the cells from increasing too much
Term
How do B Cells work?
Definition
They are activated by a helper T cell/then exposed to an antigen/The B cell then changes into a plasma cell/the plasma cell then secretes the antibodies/they then work with T Cells to provide specific immunity
Term
For every antibody produced you must have a certain what?
Definition
Antigen
Term
What happens when you are vaccinated?
Definition
You make antibodies against the disease you are exposed to
Term
Do T Cells form antibodies?
Definition
No, they provide cellular immunity
Term
What line of defense is the specific immune response?
Definition
3rd
Term
What happens when we contract a virus?
Definition
The body
1)Activates T cells that are now capable of recognizing the virus next time
2)The B cells start producing antibodies against that virus
Term
Why don't you usually contract childhood viruses twice?
Definition
The next time you get the virus the T Cells will zero in on it and kil it/cells that remain in your body after being exposed to an antigen have a memory
Term
What is natural immunity?
Definition
The ability that your cells have to create a memory of a virus
Term
What is artificial immunity?
Definition
Known as a vaccination
Term
What is active immunity?
Definition
The type of immunity in which you make the antibodies/has memory cells
Term
What is passive immunity?
Definition
When you don't make antibodies and you receive injections from another source/has no memory cells
Term
How can passive immunity be acquired?
Definition
From another animal or person by injection, or from your mother when mother passes them to fetus or through breastmilk
Term
Is active immunity artificial or natural?
Definition
It can be both
Term
Where does active artificial immunity come from?
Definition
Vaccines/vaccine is a weakened attenuated virus/it gives you an adequate dose of virus to create antibodies, but not enough to contract the disease
Term
What do self antigens do?
Definition
When active, it attacks our own cells and we don't know why/this is called auto immunity
Term
What are some auto-immune diseases?
Definition
Type I diabetes becaues the Beta cells are destroyed
-Arthritis-antigen attacks body at joint tissue
-Thyroiditis-interfers with secretion of thyroid hormone
-Musculoskeletal diseases-antigen attacks covering around muscle
Term
What is AIDS?
Definition
Accquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome
Term
What is HIV?
Definition
Human immunodeficiency virus/there are several types/it is an RNA virus/most potent virus ever/extremely difficult to contract because it is a blood formed virus (fluid requiring virus)/can only contract through blood, sexual transmission,and contaminated needles
Term
Does HIV positive mean that you have HIV?
Definition
No, sometimes it will lie dormant for ten years/you will start to produce antibodies against it
Term
What does the polio virus do?
Definition
It attacks nervous tissue, specifically gray matter in spinal cord/it destroys motor neurons so the impulse can't get out through the axon
Term
What is the most common effect of polio?
Definition
Paralysis/it can paralyze any part of the body
Term
Where does AIDS take up residence?
Definition
T cells/it reproduces there until there are virtually no T-Cells left and you get AIDS/you develop secondary or opportunistic diseases
Term
What are some symptoms of AIDS?
Definition
Fatigue, vomitting, diarrhea/you have no immunity
Term
Why is HIV so hard to cure?
Definition
Viruses are pieces of genetic material/the molecules mutate so the vaccines only work for a short time
Term
What are the types of blood?
Definition
A, B, AB, O
Term
Where are antibodies found?
Definition
Freee in the blood stream
Term
What is agglutination?
Definition
clumping together/occurs when blood types arent' compatiblle
Term
How do you determine who can donate blood to whom?
Definition
You must consider the antigens and antibodies/you can't have the same antigen and antibodies in blood of recipient
Term
Can an A donor give to B?
Definition
No
Term
Can a B donor give to A?
Definition
No
Term
Can AB give to O?
Definition
No, becasue O has a and b antibodies
Term
Can O give to AB?
Definition
Yes, O is the universal donor because it has no antigens
Term
Can B give to AB?
Definition
Yes, any blood type can give to AB because it has not antibodies/it is the universal recipient
Term
What is the Rh antigen?
Definition
It was discovered by Rhesus monkey/if you have the antigen you are considered positive
Term
How many possible combinations of blood types are there?
Definition
8
Term
What is the only transfusion that can't work(as far as the Rh antigen is concerned)?
Definition
Someone who is Rh+ can't donate to someone who is Rh-/it introduces a foreign antigen to that person
Term
In an emergency, what kind of blood do you give to someone that you don't have time to cross match?
Definition
O-
Term
When were antigens and antibodies first discovered?
Definition
In the 1940's Dr.Lansteiner discovered this/until then they thought all blood was the same
Term
What can happen when a male who is Rh+ reproduces with a femal who is Rh- and they conceive a child who is Rh+?
Definition
Sometimes, they blood from the infant can seep across the placenta and mix with the mother's blood/the mother's body responds by producing anti Rh antibodies/these can seep back across and enter the baby's blood where they cause the blood to agglutinate/1st baby is usually not affected,but 2nd and so forth are because the mother's body has produced more antibodies that seep back to the baby
Term
What happens when the baby who is Rh+ get Rh+ antibodies?
Definition
The RBC's clump and stick together/some phagocytes attack these clumps and break down RBC's/this releases hemoglobin into the blood stream/hemoglobin is what binds to O2 chemically/it eventually flows through liver/liver breaks it down into Belirubin/Belirubin is now running through circulatory system and causes Jaundice
Term
What are symptoms of Jaundice?
Definition
The skin takes on a yellow-orangish color/they do an immediate transfusion if it is very serious/If serious O2 level falls because RBC's have been destroyed by phagocytes/kidneys are then stimulated to release EPO which increases the production of RBC's/RBC's are being released while still young and while they still have a nucleus/they are not efficient transporters of O2/they are called eruthroblast/this is called erythroblastosis fetalis/They can give the mother medication to destroy the anti-Rh antibodies/this is specific immune response
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