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BS 161 Final
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71
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/11/2013

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Term
in RNA poly, imcoming nucleotides are added to the ________ end
Definition
3'
Term
in RNA, synthesis occurs in the ______ to _______ direction
Definition
5' to 3'
Term
The DNA template must be read in the ____ to _____ direction
Definition
3' to 5'
Term
function of ligase
Definition
joins DNA fragments
Term
Purines:
Pyrimidines:
Definition
A&G
T&C
Term
Stop codons
Definition
UAA, UAG, UGA
Term
Start codon
Definition
AUG
Term
outputs of calvin cycle needed for light reactions
Definition
ADP & NADP+
Term
what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
Definition
deoxyribose lacks -OH on 2' carbon ring
Term
are promoters involved in transcription or translation?
Definition
TRANSCRIPTION
~sequence specific segment recognized by proteins
-defines start of transcript
-defines which strand will be used.
Term
Central Dogma
Definition
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Term
What are the three stages of transcription?
Definition
1. initiation (poly starts transcribing)
2. Elongation
3. Termination
Term
RNA Polymerase moves in what direction along the DNA?
Definition
3'->5' along the template strand
Term
How do prokatyotes replicate?
Definition
binary fission
Term
difference between DNA and RNA
Definition
1. Ribonucleotides
2. Uracil not thyamine
3. RNA is single-stranded
Term
products of light reactions
Definition
ATP. NADPH, O2
Term
products of calvin cycle
Definition
ADP, NADP+, CH2O (sugar)
Term
a cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase, by its completion produces 2 nuclei, each containing _____ chromosomes
Definition
46
Term
during which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids?
Definition
G2-metaphase
Term
function of topoisomerase
Definition
reconnects backbone
Term
functions of the single stranded binding protein
Definition
keeps strands of DNA apart
Term
function of DNA polymerase I
Definition
removes primer
Term
function of DNA polymerase III
Definition
elongates new strand
Term
The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different
Definition
side chain r groups
Term
what constitutes a nucleotide?
Definition
Nitrogen Base, 5--carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Term
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Definition
rough ER
Term
are mitochondira found in euk and prok cells?
Definition
no, only eukaryotic
Term
Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
Definition
ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
Term
You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____.
Definition
secrete a lot of protein
Term
accuracy of translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a protein depends on specificity in the
Definition
bonding of anitcodon to codon and attachment of amino acids to tRNA
Term
once eukaryotic mRNA is transcribed, it typically undergoes substantial alteration that includes
Definition
excision of introns
Term
proteins that function in the mitochondria and chloroplasts are most likely formed by
Definition
free ribosomes floating the the cytosol
Term
in the absence of any targeting signal, the final destination of any protein is the
Definition
cytosol
Term
all of the following are made of nucleic acid except:
repressor
operator
promoter
regulatory gene
structural gene
Definition
repressor
Term
in a nucleosome, what is the DNA wrapped around?
Definition
a histone
Term
in eukaryotes, transcription is associated mostly with....
Definition
euchromatic and histone acetylation
Term
eukaryotic methods of gene control include
Definition
control of chromatin remodeling and control of RNA processing such as splicing
Term
is CO2 fixed in cyclic phosphorylation?
Definition
no
Term
describe how a plant cell gets energy it needs for cellular respiration
Definition
sugars made by photosynthesis can be used to make ATP
Term
what is primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells?
Definition
golgi-derived vesicles
Term
what is the function of DNA polymerase?
Definition
catalyzes synthesis of a new strand of DNA
Term
whats the function of nuclease?
Definition
DNA cutting enzyme in the repair of damage to DNA
Term
new DNA strand elongates in the ___ to ___ direction
Definition
5'->3'
Term
DNA poly adds nucleotides only to the free ___ end
Definition
3'
Term
where is the promoter located?
Definition
3' end of template strand
Term
are fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis?
Definition
no
Term
what kinds of molecules move through a plasma membrane most easily?
Definition
small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules
Term
where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Definition
mitochondiral inner membrane
Term
nonsense mutation:
Definition
creation of a stop codon
Term
silent mutation
Definition
change in sequence but no change in AA
Term
missense mutation
Definition
replaces 1 AA
Term
wobble base pairing occurs at the ____ position of the codon
Definition
3rd
Term
how many binding sites does RNA have? & what are they?
Definition
3
A: amino acyl 1st.
P: peptidyl site 2nd.
E: Exit site 3rd.
Term
what us polycistronic transcription
Definition
many genes being controlled by a single promoter
Term
repressible operons are..
& example
Definition
NORMALLY ON
tryp operon
Term
inducible operons are...
& example
Definition
USUALLY OFF
lac operon
Term
CAP stands for...
and functions as a
Definition
catabolite activator protein
avtivator of transcription
Term
gap junctions occur in
Definition
animal cells
Term
plasmodesmata occur in
Definition
plant cells
Term
paracrine
Definition
type of signaling, short half life, localized, short distances
Term
synaptic signaling
Definition
type of paracrine signaling.
Term
endocrine signaling
Definition
hormonal, long lived
Term
what is the general signal transduction pathway
Definition
1. reception: signaling molecule + receptor
2. transduction: relay molecules in signaling pathway
3. response: activation of cellular response
Term
what are the 3 main molecular "switches"?
Definition
ligand binding
protein phosphorylation
GTP binding and hydrolysis
Term
kinase
Definition
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule.
Term
if you inject a cell with the 2nd messenger, what happens
Definition
you can have a normal pathway w/o first messenger, bypass the first steps.
Term
what are the 3 main types of plasma membrane receptors?
Definition
ion channel
G protein coupled receptor
receptor tyrosine kinases
Term
how is a signal transduced across a membrane?
Definition
dimerizes & cross phosphorylates
Term
in order to get cancer, how many mutations must you accumulate?
Definition
8-10
Term
proto-oncogenes
Definition
code for proteins that stimulate normal growth and division
Term
tumor suppressors code for
Definition
proteins that inhibit cell division
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