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| in RNA poly, imcoming nucleotides are added to the ________ end |
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| in RNA, synthesis occurs in the ______ to _______ direction |
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| The DNA template must be read in the ____ to _____ direction |
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| outputs of calvin cycle needed for light reactions |
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| what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose? |
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Definition
| deoxyribose lacks -OH on 2' carbon ring |
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| are promoters involved in transcription or translation? |
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Definition
TRANSCRIPTION
~sequence specific segment recognized by proteins
-defines start of transcript
-defines which strand will be used. |
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Definition
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| What are the three stages of transcription? |
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Definition
1. initiation (poly starts transcribing)
2. Elongation
3. Termination |
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| RNA Polymerase moves in what direction along the DNA? |
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Definition
| 3'->5' along the template strand |
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Term
| How do prokatyotes replicate? |
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Definition
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| difference between DNA and RNA |
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Definition
1. Ribonucleotides
2. Uracil not thyamine
3. RNA is single-stranded |
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| products of light reactions |
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| a cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase, by its completion produces 2 nuclei, each containing _____ chromosomes |
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| during which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids? |
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| function of topoisomerase |
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Definition
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| functions of the single stranded binding protein |
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Definition
| keeps strands of DNA apart |
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Term
| function of DNA polymerase I |
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Definition
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| function of DNA polymerase III |
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Definition
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Term
| The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties because of different |
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Definition
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Term
| what constitutes a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen Base, 5--carbon sugar, and a phosphate group |
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Term
| Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| are mitochondira found in euk and prok cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? |
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Definition
| ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm |
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Term
| You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| accuracy of translation of mRNA into the primary structure of a protein depends on specificity in the |
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Definition
| bonding of anitcodon to codon and attachment of amino acids to tRNA |
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Term
| once eukaryotic mRNA is transcribed, it typically undergoes substantial alteration that includes |
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Definition
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Term
| proteins that function in the mitochondria and chloroplasts are most likely formed by |
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Definition
| free ribosomes floating the the cytosol |
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Term
| in the absence of any targeting signal, the final destination of any protein is the |
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Definition
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Term
all of the following are made of nucleic acid except:
repressor
operator
promoter
regulatory gene
structural gene |
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Definition
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Term
| in a nucleosome, what is the DNA wrapped around? |
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Definition
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Term
| in eukaryotes, transcription is associated mostly with.... |
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Definition
| euchromatic and histone acetylation |
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Term
| eukaryotic methods of gene control include |
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Definition
| control of chromatin remodeling and control of RNA processing such as splicing |
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Term
| is CO2 fixed in cyclic phosphorylation? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe how a plant cell gets energy it needs for cellular respiration |
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Definition
| sugars made by photosynthesis can be used to make ATP |
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| what is primarily responsible for cytokinesis in plant cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of DNA polymerase? |
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Definition
| catalyzes synthesis of a new strand of DNA |
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Term
| whats the function of nuclease? |
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Definition
| DNA cutting enzyme in the repair of damage to DNA |
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Term
| new DNA strand elongates in the ___ to ___ direction |
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Definition
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| DNA poly adds nucleotides only to the free ___ end |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the promoter located? |
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Definition
| 3' end of template strand |
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Term
| are fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| what kinds of molecules move through a plasma membrane most easily? |
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Definition
| small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules |
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| where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? |
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Definition
| mitochondiral inner membrane |
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Definition
| change in sequence but no change in AA |
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Definition
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| wobble base pairing occurs at the ____ position of the codon |
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Definition
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Term
| how many binding sites does RNA have? & what are they? |
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Definition
3
A: amino acyl 1st.
P: peptidyl site 2nd.
E: Exit site 3rd. |
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Term
| what us polycistronic transcription |
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Definition
| many genes being controlled by a single promoter |
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Term
repressible operons are..
& example |
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Definition
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inducible operons are...
& example |
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Definition
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CAP stands for...
and functions as a |
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Definition
catabolite activator protein
avtivator of transcription |
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Definition
| type of signaling, short half life, localized, short distances |
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Definition
| type of paracrine signaling. |
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Definition
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| what is the general signal transduction pathway |
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Definition
1. reception: signaling molecule + receptor
2. transduction: relay molecules in signaling pathway
3. response: activation of cellular response |
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Term
| what are the 3 main molecular "switches"? |
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Definition
ligand binding
protein phosphorylation
GTP binding and hydrolysis |
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Definition
| an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule. |
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| if you inject a cell with the 2nd messenger, what happens |
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Definition
| you can have a normal pathway w/o first messenger, bypass the first steps. |
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Term
| what are the 3 main types of plasma membrane receptors? |
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Definition
ion channel
G protein coupled receptor
receptor tyrosine kinases |
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Term
| how is a signal transduced across a membrane? |
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Definition
| dimerizes & cross phosphorylates |
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Term
| in order to get cancer, how many mutations must you accumulate? |
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Definition
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Definition
| code for proteins that stimulate normal growth and division |
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| tumor suppressors code for |
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Definition
| proteins that inhibit cell division |
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