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Brooker Ch 7, 8
Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration
41
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/13/2010

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Term
2 factors to describe reaction
Definition
direction, rate
Term
chemical energy
Definition
the potential energy contained in covalent bonds
Term
first law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy is not created or destroyed
Term
second law of thermodynamics
Definition
the transfer of energy or the transformation of energy from one form to the other increases the entropy of a system
Term
enthalpy
Definition
the total energy in a system
Term
free energy
Definition
the usable energy in a system
Term
exergonic
Definition
change in free energy is negative
Term
endergonic
Definition
change in free energy is positive
Term
2 ways of making ATP
Definition
Substrate-level phosphorylation
chemiosmosis
Term
3 methods of regulating metabolic pathways
Definition
gene regulation
cellular regulation
biochemical regulation
Term
methods of biochemical regulation
Definition
competitive inhibitors
noncompetitive inhibitors
(feedback inhibition at allosteric site)
Term
Four steps of cellular respiration
Definition
1. glycolysis
2. breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
3. citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation
Term
Inputs/outputs of glycolysis
Definition
Input: 1 glucose
Output: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
Term
Inputs/outputs of breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
Definition
Input: 2 Pyruvate molecules
Output: 2 acetyl groups, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
Term
Inputs/outputs of citric acid cycle
Definition
Inputs: 2 acetyl groups
Outputs: 4 CO2 molecules, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Term
Inputs/outputs of oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
Inputs: NADH, FADH2
Outputs: 30-34 ATP
Term
3 stages of glycolysis
Definition
1. energy investment
2. cleavage
3. energy liberation
Term
Where does glycolysis take place?
Definition
in the cytosol
Term
Where does stage 2 of cellular respiration take place?
Definition
in the mitochondrian
Term
Inputs/outputs to ATP synthase
Definition
Inputs: ADP, Pi
Outputs: ATP
Term
2 different strats to carry out anaerobic respiration
Definition
1. Use nitrate as a final acceptor of electrons instead of O2
2. perform glycolysis, NADH donates its electrons to something else, providing glycolysis with NAD+
Term
mesophyll
Definition
the central part of the leaf where the bulk of photosynthesis takes place
Term
stomata
Definition
pores through which CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf
Term
stroma
Definition
fluid-filled region of the chloroplast between the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane
Term
2 stages of photosynthesis
Definition
1 light reactions
2 Calvin Cycle
Term
Location of light reactions
Definition
thylakoid membrane
Term
location of calvin cycle
Definition
stroma
Term
3 pigments found in chloroplasts
Definition
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
carotenoids
Term
2 main components of photosystem 2
Definition
light-harvesting complex
reaction center
Term
the process in which energy is transferred from one pigment molecule to another
Definition
resonance energy transfer
Term
Name of the pigment molecule that absorbs excess energy
Definition
P680
Term
Reaction center
Definition
the place where P680 is located
Term
The location of oxidation of water
Definition
manganese cluster
Term
Products of photosynthesis
Definition
O2 produced in the thylakoid lumen by the oxidation of water
ATP produced in stroma by an H+ gradient
NADPH produced in stroma from high-energy e-
Term
Cyclic photophosphorilation
Definition
Produces only ATP. High-energy e- sent back through PS1
Term
Calvin Cycle inputs/outputs
Definition
Inputs: ATP, NADPH
Outputs: carbohydrates
Term
3 phases of calvin cycle
Definition
carbon fixation
reduction and carbohydrate production
regeneration of RuBP
Term
carbon fixation (inputs/outputs)
Definition
CO2 becomes incorporated into RuBP. Product is 2 3PGs
Term
reduction and carbohydrate production
Definition
input: ATP, 3PG, NADPH
output: G3P
Term
Regeneration of RuBP
Definition
input: 10 G3P, 6 ATP
output: 6 RuBP
Term
photorespiration
Definition
reverses the effects of photosynthesis. occurs most often in hot & dry conditions
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