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Definition
| Before kernel- bacteria, archaea |
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| double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins. barrier between cell and environment |
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| region of the cell contained within the plasma membrane |
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| region of the prokaryotic cell where the DNA is held |
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| involved in polypeptide synthesis |
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| supports and protects plasma embrane |
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| outer viscous covering surrounding the bacteria |
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| very thick glycocalyx for protecting against host's immune system |
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| protists, fungi, plants, animals |
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| subcellular structure or membrane-bounded compartment with a function and structure |
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| 4 differences in proteomes |
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Definition
1: different proteins
2: relative amounts of proteins
3:amino acid sequences of particular proteins can vary
4:Alter their proteins in different ways |
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| area within the plasma membrane but outside the organelles |
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| metabolism mainly occurs____ |
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Definition
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| the breakdown of a molecule into smaller components |
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| why is catabolism important? |
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Definition
| captures energy for use by cell, generate molecules for construction of macromolecules |
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| synthesis of cellular molecules and macromolecules |
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| polypeptide is composed of ___ |
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Definition
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| a unit of function made of polypeptides |
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| a ribosome, mRNA molecule, tRNA molecule |
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| facilitates the binding between mRNA and tRNA |
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| produced from a gene and provides info to make polypeptide |
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| bind to mRNA to make a polypeptide, one amino acid at a time |
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| grows at positive end, grows or shrinks at negative end |
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Definition
| microtubules can vary between growing and shortening phases |
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Definition
| mircotubule-organizing center, contains centrioles |
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Definition
| perpendicular pair of structures where, in most animal cells, the negative end of microtubules are anchored and grow from |
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Definition
| cell shape and organization. organelles are often attached to them. Involved in the organization of chromosomes in mitosis. |
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| not found in all animal cells. Twist together like a rope. are very stable. tension-bearing fibers for rigidity |
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| smallest filaments. negative ends tend to be anchored to the plasma membrane |
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| the site where ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi. Attached to filaments |
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| ATP binding and hydrolysis in head causes bend in the hinge |
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| attached to other proteins for movement |
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| 3 ways motor proteins move |
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Definition
1. tail connected to cargo
2. protein is stationary. Moves the filament beneath it
3.motor proteins and filaments are stationary so it just causes a bend |
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Definition
| the internal structure of flagella and cilia |
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Definition
| nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles |
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Definition
| membrane-enclosed spheres used to pass materials between endomembrane organelles |
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| outer membrane of nuclear envelope is continuous with ____ |
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Definition
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| formed where innner and outer nuclear membrane touch |
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Definition
| composed of DNA and proteins that help compact DNA to fit in nucleus |
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Definition
| the complex formed by DNA and proteins for compacting DNA |
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| 2 parts of nuclear matrix |
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Definition
| nuclear lamina and internal nuclear matrix |
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Definition
| the distinct area each chromosome occupies |
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Definition
| location of ribosome assembly |
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Definition
| RNA molecules produced in nucleolus. ribosomal proteins produced int he cytosol, imported into the nucleus, assembled with RNA molecules to form ribsomal subunits, exit the nucleus |
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| internal space of an organelle |
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| ribosomes are attached to the outer membranes |
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Definition
1. Protein sorting
2. insertion of newly made proteins into membrane
3. attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids |
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Definition
| attachment of carbohydrates to proteins and lipids. continues in the golgi |
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Definition
| plays key role in metabolic processes, accumulation of calcium ions, synthesis & modification of lipids |
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| golgi apparatus structure |
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Definition
| stack of flattened membranes with areas inside. things move between them through vesicles |
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| 3 functions of golgi apparatus |
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Definition
1. secretion
2. processing
3. protein sorting |
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Definition
| packages of different types of materials produced by golgi |
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| enzymes called proteases cut proteins into smaller polypeptides |
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| hydrolytic enzymes that use a molecule of water to break a covalent bond |
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| lysosomes digest parts of its cell |
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Definition
| a double membrane that encloses wrn-out pieces of cell for autophagy |
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| found in plant cells. contains water. Surrounded by the tonoplast |
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Definition
| fill with water and when they reach a certain point of fullness, they spit it all out. regulate how much h2o is int he cell |
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| aka food vacuoles. take in food and then digest it. found in protists |
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Definition
| aided by plasma membrane proteins, transportation of things in and out |
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Definition
| plasma membrane senses changes in the environment |
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Definition
| plasma membrane does it. proteins in the plasma of adjacent cells bind to each other |
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Term
| list of semiautonomous organelles |
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Definition
| mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes |
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Definition
| within mitochondria, they are the folds that create more surface area |
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| the compartment within the inner membrane |
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| within chloroplasts. forms flattened tubules that enclose a compartment |
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| a stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast |
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Definition
| the area inside the the inner membrane of a chloroplast but outside the thylakoid membrane |
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Definition
| in chloroplast, it's the area inside of the thylakoid membrane |
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| only in eukaryotic cells. catalyze detoxifying reactions |
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Definition
| in peroxisomes, breaks down hydrogen peroxide to make water and oxygen gas |
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Definition
| found in plants. Needed to convert fats to sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| amphipathic molecules that make the bilayer |
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Term
| the cell membrane consists of ____ |
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Definition
| lipids, proteins, carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| model of the membrane that has a bunch of lipids and proteins and carbs floating around in them |
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Term
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Definition
| half of a phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| have one or more parts embedded in the hydrophobic region |
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Term
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Definition
| in transmembrane proteins, they are the parts that traverse the hydrophobic parts. stretched of hydrophobic amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that are connected to the the bilayer. lipid is attached to a amino acid side chain in the protein |
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Term
| integral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| cannot be released without dissolving the entire membrane |
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Term
| periphral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| noncovalently bonded to integral membrane proteins. can usually be removed by exposing them to high salt concentrations |
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Term
| energetically favorable movement of phospholipids |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that enables phospholipids to flip-flop from one layer to the other |
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Term
| biochemical propoerties of phospholipids that affect fluidity |
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Definition
1. length of tail. shorter makes it more fluid.
2. double bonds in acyl tails. double bonds create kinks and make it less fluid
3. presence of cholesterol. Higher temps: more fluid |
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Term
| 2 Examples of adjustments to fluidity for survival |
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Definition
| water temp drops, some fish will increase amount of cholesterol. plant cell is exposed to high temps, alters lipids to have longer tails and fewer double bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a carbohydrate is attached to a phospholipid |
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Term
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Definition
| when a carbohyrate is attached to a protein |
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Term
| 2 functions of carbohydrates |
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Definition
| can be used to recognize different types of cells. Protects the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| protective shell made of carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| when a solute moves from a region of high concentration to a region of low concenteration |
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Term
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Definition
| when diffusion occurs across a membrane without any aid |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of a solute is higher on one side of the membrane than the other |
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Term
| ion electrochemical gradient |
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Definition
| a dual gradient that has both a chemical and electrical component |
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Term
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Definition
| the diffusion of a substance across the membrane in a way that does not require an input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| transportation of a solute across the membrane with the aid of a transport protein |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrations of solutions on both sides of a membrane that are equal |
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Term
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Definition
| when the solution concentration within the cell is higher than outside |
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Definition
| when a cell shrinks due to a higher concentration of solution outside the cell wall |
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Definition
| the hydrostatic pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a membrane due to osmosis. Water moves into the cell |
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Definition
| osmotic pressure in plan cells |
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Definition
| transmembrane proteins that form an open channel. Most are gated to allow opening and closing. |
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Definition
| controlled by the noncovalent binding of ligands . Important in transmission of signals from nerve cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled by electric potential differences. |
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Term
| mechanosensative channels |
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Definition
| channels that are sensative to membrane tension |
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Term
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Definition
| bind solutes and open up on the other side of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| aka transporters. Provide the principal pathway for the uptake of organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
1. uniporters. one molecule goes in one direction
2. symporters/contransporters. two molecules go the same way
3. antiporters. two molecules go in different directions |
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Term
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Definition
| a transporter that directly couples its conformational change to the use of an energy source (such at ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the use of pumps that use energy to transport a solute across a gradient |
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Term
| secondary active transport |
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Definition
| uses a pre-existing gradient to drive the active transport of a solute. |
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Term
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Definition
| creates an electrical charge. usually by exporting more or fewer positive ions than negative. |
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Definition
| material inside the cells are packaged into vesicles and booted out of the cell |
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Definition
| materials outside of the cell are packaged into vesicles and gobbled up by the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| their assembly on the surface of a membrane causes the bud to form |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| a receptor is sensative to a speciic cargo. When binded, it signals coat proteins to the site |
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Term
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Definition
| Just takes extracellular fluid in to check out what's there |
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