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| "Deaf people are incapable of language and idea" |
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| "It is impossible to reason without the ability to hear" |
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| Information given on the treatment of deaf mutes so as not to be cursed by the populace. |
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Leicester Cathedral
Wedding in sign language between Tomas Tilsye and Ursula Russel
Recorded signs but not in detail. |
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Juan Pablo DeBonet
The firt published method for teaching the deaf
Simplification of sounds and the act of teaching the deaf to speak
Deaf taught to read, write, use one handed alphabet |
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John Bulwer
Produces publication "The natural language of the hand"
Believed signs were a universal language (a misunderstanding that persists today)
Arthrological Alphabet - letters are indicated by pointing to different joints in the fingers and hand
From this we know the first form of finger spelling |
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Sir Robert Downing
Book recording finger spelling. Not about deaf communication but secret messages passed in the military.
Shows the roots of BSL alphabet same vowels used today |
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Samuel Pepys
Encounters the deaf. Impressed with communication but considers signing strange.
Shows signs were existent in deaf community |
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Daniel Defoe
Wrote a book including a deaf character
Creates a two handed alphabet |
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Michael de L'epee
French Priest
Deaf could not receive sacraments learns sign language to save their souls
Opens first fee shelter for the deaf in 1760
Opens first free school for the deaf in Paris in 1762 using the french method
Many sign languages are based on this method |
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Samuel Heinicke
First German Deaf deaf school opened in 1755 (not free)
Oralism became known as the German method. Using speech and lip reading |
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Thomas Braidwood
1760 first deaf school in Edinburgh "Braidwood's academy for the deaf and dumb" uses different methods: Sign language lip reading and speech
Known as combined system as used sign language and speech. But stressed spoken language, glossed over sign language and established an education attitude that took root in Britain
Many students excelled inc James Goodricke and Thomas Arrowsmith |
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"Second International Congress on Education for the deaf"
Kangaroo congress organised by Pereire Society
164 delegates only 1 was deaf
USA and UK oppose oralism unsuccessfully as one man one vote.
Oralism declared superior, resolution passed
sign language banned in the classroom
75% of deaf teachers using manual signs lots jobs by 1890.
Parents were one over to the oralistic approach in an effort to make their deaf children 'normal' |
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Parliament passes the 'Education Act'
The royal commission establised by British government to explore best teaching method.
chose oralism
banned signing
No one in decision making process had any experience of deaf people and no deaf people were consulted,
Quality of education for deaf declines from here |
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The British Deaf and Dumb Association (BDDA) became BDA in 1971
Articles were published in a magazine called deaf and dumb times |
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British Deaf schools
Children were separated (Those who would/ wouldn't benefit) Oralism declared a success
Usually partially deaf pupils use SSE look down on those who can only use BSL |
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Copy vibration from throat by placing hand on teachers neck
Feeling air on hand in front of mouth when saying letters
Vibrations on balloons |
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| Deaf education focused on physical training |
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deaf became targets for exploitation
Hardly in contact with the outside world
Isolation continued into adulthood with little distinction between deafness and insanity |
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| Mental Asylums and Hospitals |
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Definition
Became prisons for the deaf
Medical sciences had no idea how to monitor deafness
didn't know effects of childhood diseases on deafness
thought it was caused by a blockage so used horrible treatments until 1930s |
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Deaf community clubs and missions
Clubs run by missioners became trap and lifeline
run by hearing clergy allowed sign language but enhanced segregation |
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Mary Brennan
Linguist at Moray house in Edinburgh
research to give name and status to BSL |
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Proved ASL as a language in its own right
Produced a journal "Sign language studies"
which was an important resource for Mary Brennan |
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Anne Marie conducted first ever audit of deaf schools found:
Average reading age of school leavers was 8.75
Speech was barely legible
Lip reading ability was no better than that of a hearing child who had never practiced
SHOWS ORALISM WAS FAILING |
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Start of BSL campaign
Deaf lead organisation and activist groups were set up to fight and challenge |
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The UK has no official written constitution or formal mechanism for designating official minority languages. BSL needed to be recognised through the European Charter for Regional Minority Languages (ECRML)
Legal definition of a language by ECRML must be non-territorial and traditional
So charter would not recognise BSL
Recognition would mean BSL would have:
Equal status to other native languages
Access for all deaf to public services
Equal rights to education |
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Margret Hodge writes to Federation of Deaf People (FDP) stating BSL does not meet requirements of definition
UK council of deafness disagrees
BSL can be traced back to 1720s so is traditional
people all over the UK use it so it is non-territoirial |
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Margret Hodge went to see if government could:
Accept BSL language legitimacy
Ensure authorities use BSL
Expose recognition under ECRML |
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Government appoints DRC who recommend them to :
Recognise BSL through inclusion of charter
Make funding available to train interpretures |
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| BDA resorted to shock tactics such as billboards |
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| Bert Massie Writes complaining of little or no progress made on recommendation |
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Maria Eagle replaces Margaret Hodge
meets with deaf organisation to find out what recognition would mean to them |
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| Deaf organisations call for government to see changes in legislation are required and how government can can encourage European parliament to recommend sign language |
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| BSL recognised as a language in its own right :) |
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| November 2002/ April 2003 |
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Definition
MP Malcom Bruce appointed reporter to council of Europe
Aimed to see how sign languages could be incorporated into the charter |
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no legal status
no guarantee of funding
no guarantee of services being available in BSL
Need a BSL act of parliament |
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