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Brandon Schroeder
RTE2200 Radiation protection
20
Medical
Undergraduate 4
08/25/2021

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Protoplasm
Definition
The chemical building material for all living things and consists of inorganic substances, such as water and mineral salts, and organic substances, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Term
Organic compounds
Definition
4 major classes: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
Term
Proteins
Definition
Amino acids are linked in various patterns and combinations. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and occasionally other elements, such as sulfur. Proteins are the most elementary building blocks of cells.
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
Compounds are composed of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates such as sugars and starches are involved in energy-releasing processes in animals and plants.
Term
lipids
Definition
Lipids, aka fats, are water-insoluble, organic macromolecules that consist only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; lipids store energy in the body for long periods.
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
Very large, complex macromolecules are made up of nucleotides.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
The phase of mitosis during which the duplicate centromeres migrate in opposite directions along the mitotic spindle and carry the chromatids to opposite sides of the cell.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Water tends to move across cell surfaces or membranes into areas in which a high concentration of potassium ions is present.
Term
Telophase
Definition
A phase of mitosis during which cell division is completed with the formation of two new daughter cells, each of which contains exactly the same genetic material as the parent cell.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
A phase of cell division during which the mitotic spindle is completed. It is also the phase of cell division in which chromosome damage caused by radiation exposure can be evaluated.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Also known as programmed cell death. A nonmitotic or nondivision form of cell death occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell life cycle.
Term
Direct action
Definition
Biologic damage occurs as a result of the ionization of atoms on essential molecules, which may cause these molecules to become either inactive or functionally altered.
Term
Indirect action
Definition
The effect produced by free radicals that are created by the interaction of radiation with water molecules; cell death can result.
Term
Law of Beronié and Tribondeau
Definition
The radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation.
Term
Linear energy transfer (LET)
Definition
(Expressed in units of keV/µm)

The average of energy deposited by ionizing radiation in an object per unit length of track as it passes through the object.
Term
Mutation
Definition
Changes in genes are caused by the loss or change of a nitrogenous base on the DNA chain. Usually the result of high-energy radiation with a DNA molecule.
Term
Free radicals
Definition
Solitary atoms. Most often a combination of atoms, that are very chemically reactive as a result of the presence of unpaired electrons.
Term
Point lesion
Definition
Altered areas in molecules are caused by the breaking of a single chemical bond.
Term
Target theory
Definition
Concept of radiation damage resulting from discrete and random events. If a critical location on the master molecule (believed to be DNA) is a target receiving multiple hits from ionizing radiation, it may well be inactivated. Normal cell function will then cease, and the cell will die. If, on the other hand, it receives only a single hit, then the master molecule most likely will still be operational. The target theory concept may be useful for explaining cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation.
Term
Wave-particle duality
Definition
Electromagnetic radiation can travel and interact with matter in the form of a wave or a particle. For this reason, x-rays may be described as both waves and particles.
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