IPSIlateral loss of pain and temperature from FACE

CONTRAlateral loss of pain and temperature from BODY

VII

VIII

List the cranial nerves and whether they are:

- motor, sensory, and/or parasympathetic

- if sensory, what is the peripheral sensory ganglion

- if parasympathetic, in which ganglion does the postparasympathetic neuron reside?

Anterior Aternating Hemiplegia (Weber's Syndrome)

- ipsilateral opthalmoplegia

- controlateral hemiparesis

if corticobulbar is involved:

- contralateral paralysis of lower face, tongue, and trapezius

Claude's Syndrome

Red Nucleus = motor control

- ipsilateral opthalmoplegia (CN III)

- contralateral hemiparesis (descending corticospinal tract)

- contralteral paralysis of lower face, tongue, and shoulder (corticobulbar tract)

Compression: pupillary deficit alone

Ischemia: somatic motor deficits alone

Distal lesion - affects ipsilateral eye

damage to nucleus - affects contralateral eye

Basilar

Basilar aa. branches - Circumferential (serving pons)

VI Nerve Palsy

convergent strabismus (affected eye turned in)

compensation: turn hear toward affected side

Middle Alternating Hemiplegia

- ipsilateral opthalmoplegia (VI n. palsy)

- contralateral hemiplegia (CST)

- dysarthria (tongue) - CBT

- eyes move in the opposite direction (vergence)

- pupillary constriction

- increased accommodation

Paramedial Pontine Reticular Formation

PPRF

driven by contralateral frontal eye fields

projects to ipsilateral abducens nucleus

some abducens nn--->innervate lateral rectus mm

remaining abducens nn--->cross midline--->ascend as medial longitudinal fasciculus--->contralateral occulomotor nucleus--->medial rectus of that eye

- right vestibular nuclei becomes dominant

- eyes drift to the left but snap back to right = right-beating nystagmus

- left-staggering gait

Describe the effects of lesion #1.

[image]

Describe the effects of lesion #2.

[image]

Describe the effects of lesion #3.

[image]

Describe the effects of lesion #4.

What is the following lesion known as? What are its effects?

[image]

Describe the syndrome characterized by the following:

- Ptosis

- Pupillary constriction (miosis)

- Anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on the face

compression - affects peripherally located parasymp. fibers---->pupillary deficit

vascular insult - somatic nerve fibers located more centrally----->eye movement deficit

VPL - sesnsory info from body

VPM - discriminatory touch, conscious propioception, vibration from face and oral cavity

Describe the pathway that conveys the following information from the head.

- pain/temperature

- touch/pressure

pain/temperature: primary neurons in trigeminal ganglion--->secondary neurons in chief sensory nucleus of V--->VTT (crosses midline) or DTT--->VPM--->primary sensory cortex

touch/pressure: primary neurons in trigeminal ganglion--->turn caudally within brainstem to form spinal tract of V---> VTTcrosses midline--->VPM--->primary sensory cortex

ant. 1/3 = CN V

post. 1/3 = CN IX

CN II - bright lights

CN VIII - loud noise

CN V - direct corneal contact

CN VII

lesion: loss of reflex from ipsilateral eye

Pain of unknown origin associated with V2 or V3 mostly.

Treatment: cut pain and temperature fibers within spinal tract of V.

CN VII - Ant. 2/3 of tongue

CN IX - Post. 1/3 of tongue

CN X - Epiglottis

ipsilateral loss of taste

cause message is carried through uncrossed solitariothalamic tract to VPM

complete laryngeal paralysis

death

loss of gag reflex

State whether the following muscules have a primarily contralateral or ipsilateral UMN drive.

- Trapezius

- SCM

Trapezius - contralateral

SCM - ipsilateral

right side - cause lesion causes paralysis of right SCM, which normally rotates head to the left.

right shoulder sags - cause lesion causes paralysis of right trapezius

ipsilateral SCM

contralateral trapezius

Inferior Alternating Hemiplegia

ipsilateral paralysis and deviation of tongue

contralateral hemiparesis

ipsilateral side of lesion

(cause of palatal weakness on contralateral side of lesion, allowing muscles in ipsilateral side to dominate) 

[image]

Which vessels supply blood to the following regions

- inner retina

- outer retina

inner: central retinal aa and vv

outer: long and short posterior cilliary aa

rods: high convergence---->single photon has better chance of activating retinal ganglion cell

[image]

Which PhR cell responds to the following light ranges?

- scotopic-mesopic

- mesopic-photopic

[image]

[image]

What type of cone bipolar cell is described below?

"responds to an increase in illumination vs. background

What type of cone bipolar cell is described below?

"responds to a decrease in illumination vs. background"

linear: ganglion cell responds to specific phase (light or dark) of light

non-linear: ganglion cell responds to change in phase (light to dark or vice versa)

List the 3 types of RGCs and their

- location in the retina

- spatial resolution

- function

Midget (80%) (P-cells)

fovea mostly; high spatial res.; detail analysis

red-green

Parasol (10%) (M-cells)

least in fovea; low spatial res.; detection of motion

achromatic

Small Bistratified

uniform distribution; unknown spatial res.

yellow-purple

Describe the dorsal-ventral location of the following fibers within the optic radiations.

- superior visual field (inferior retina)

- inferior visual field (superior retina)

- ventral

- dorsal