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Brain & Behavior
Fall 2009 Howard
45
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/04/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hemi-neglect
Definition
 a neuropsychological condition in which, after damage to one hemisphere of the brain, a deficit in attention to and awareness of one side
Term
tabes dorsalis
Definition

disorder derived from untreated syphilis occurs years after the person as been infected (because the virus remains dormit for years)


symptoms: dymensia, paranoia, blindness, sensory impairment


result of the disease affecting the dorsal spinal cord= loss of sensory information input


treatment: anti-virus

Term
cranial nerve for sense of balance
Definition
vestibular nerve of 8th cranial nerve 
Term
function of cerebellum
Definition
Cerebellum: center of balance-- alcohol affects this portion 1st
Term
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Definition

aka Lou Gehrig Disease
disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement


motor neurons for voluntary movement are destroyed
caused by genetic defect


symptoms:

difficulty breathing & swallowing, head drooping, muscle cramps

progresive muscle weakness, paralysis, speech problems

 

treatmentno known cure, physical therapy,drugs to prolong life and control symptoms

 

Term
Frontal lobe is what percentage of human brain?
Definition

33.3%

(1/3)

Term
semantic vs episodic memory
Definition

episodic memory: memory of personal events and experience


semantic memory: memory of facts

Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
inability to remember events that happened before the onset of the amnesia
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition

-Damage: in the basal ganglia and edges of the cortex

-It is genetic and shows up in the late 30's and early 40's


Symptoms:

A. Movement: clumsy, slurred speech, loss of balance, uncontrolled muscular contractions (dystonia)

 

B. Cognitive: Over time judgment, memory, and other cognitive functions begin to deteriorate & loss ability to concentrate

 

C. Psychiatric:   Depression, Hostility, Inability to take pleasure in life (anhedonia), Lack of energy

 

 

Term
anterior cingulate and Broadmann number
Definition

 frontal part of the cingulate cortex,around the corpus callosum, the fibrous bundle that relays signals between the right and left hermispheres  of the brain.


Broadmann Number: 24

Term
Name of Disorders in Autistic Spectrum
Definition

1.) Autism
2.) Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
3.) Apserger's Syndrome
4.) Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
5.) Relt's Disorder

Term
Karsakoff's Syndrome
Definition

  • Karsakoff Syndrome: a disease associate with long-term heavy drinking
    • more related to the malnutrition associated with heavy drinking
    • thiamine (B1): deficient in Karsokoff patients, resulting in damage to the thalamus

Term
Broadmann Number of the gyrus for voluntary movement
Definition
#4
Term
Idiot-Savant
Definition
not a recognized medical diagnosis, but researcher Darold Treffert describes it as a rare condition in which persons with developmental disorders (including autism spectrum disorders) have one or more areas of brilliance that are in contrast with the individual's overall limitations.
Term
3 Major Symptoms of Parkinson's
Definition

tremor

rigidity

postural instability

slowing dwn and lose of spontaeous and automatic movement

 

uncontrolled movement, or tics, (may develop in the fingers, feet, face, or trunk) 
beginning stage of chorea (involuntary, rapid, ceaseless movement)

 ~Chorea can become more intense when the person is anxious or disturbed.

 


Term

Henry Molaison (H.M.)

+

operation performed on HM

Definition

famous case of anterograde amnesia

suffered from epileptic seizures

 

Dr. Scovill performed a bilateral medial temporal extraction (removed hippocampus)

 

H.M. stayed awake during the surgery only with local anethesia b/c there are no pain fibers in the brain

 

after surgery had amnesia

Term
procedural memory
Definition
memory of the process of how to do things
Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition

first to study memory systematically, he was the subject; measured retention aka memory


recall: remember or recite words from a list


recognition: distinguishing b/w unlearned and learned words


relearning: a saving method; learning the lists many times in order to retain it into memory

Term
brain structure whose damage originates Parkinson's Disease
Definition
substantia nigra
Term
insula
Definition

in frontal area


related to problem solving, decision making, and emotion

Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
inability to remember events that occur after the onset of amnesia
Term
brain area damaged in hemi-neglect
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
hippocampus
Definition

major component of the brain It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in long term memory and spatial navigation

 

located inside the medial temporal lobe, beneath the cortical surface. 

 

In Alzheimer's the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; 

Term
HPA Axis
Definition

 hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis


because the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis it therefore regulates the pituitary gland/hypophysis (an endocrine gland)

Term
oxytocin
Definition
 involved in bondingcontractions, other functions
Term
central nervous system consists of...?
Definition
spinal cord & brain
Term
William's Syndrome
Definition
is a rare nuerodevelopmental disorder caused by a deletion of about 26 genes from the long arm of chromosome 7 It is characterized by a distinctive, "elf" facial appearance, low nose bridge; an unusually cheerful demeanor and ease with strangers; mental retardation coupled with unusual language skills and cardiovascular problems
Term
neurotransmitter depleted in Parkinson's Disease
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
circulation of the heart
Definition

Blood Pathway

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Lungs
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Body
Right Atrirum

 

Term
Peripheral Nervous System consists of...?
Definition

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

Term
Bell-Magendie Law
Definition

describes two types of roots of the spinal nerves, the motor and the sensory 

(ventral and dorsal)  


all spinal cords except the 1st cervical have a dorsal and ventral root


dorsal :: incoming :: sensory :: afferent
ventral :: outgoing :: motor :: efferent

 

Term
sagittal plane
Definition
plane that divides between the L & R hemisphere of brain
Term
3 kinds of ADHD
Definition

predominately hyperactive and impulsive

predominately inattentive

combined

Term
Names of 2 books by V.S. Ramachandran
Definition

Phantoms in the Brain:

Probing the Mysteries f the Human Mind

 

A Brief Tour of Human Conciousness:

From Imposter Poodles to Purple Numbers

Term
Duplicity Theory of Vision
Definition
eye is a dual receptor because the rods and cones are two different receptors
Term
fovea
Definition

also known as fovea centralis, is part of the eye at the center of the retina. Cones are located here.

Fovea is responsible for sharp central vision. 

Term

tropic hormones of adenohypophysis

(anterior pituitary)

Definition

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
aka trophic hormonesstimulating hormones

adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

thyrotropic hormone: stimulates thyroid gland

gonadotrophic hormone: stimulates gonads

growth hormone:
responsible for structural growth
works by stretching cartilage at the epiphysis (eg. ankles and wrists)
acromegaly: when substantial amounts of GH is still released post-puberty when cartilage has solified= excess bone deposits and build up--result of a tumor in the pituitary gland which releases too much GH

Term
substances to treat Parkinson's disease
Definition

dopamine agonist

eg. Lepovera

 

 L-dopa--precursor to dopamine that is small enough to enter the blood brain barrier

L-dopa undergoes biochemical processes to become dopamine

 

Term
2 Books by Oliver Sacks
Definition

The Man Who Mistook His Wife for A Hat

 

An Anthropologist on Mars: 7 Paradoxical Tales

Term
Aging Macular Disease (AMD)
Definition

age related


degeneration of muculas (area below optic nerve) and its receptors

problems seeing shorter wavelenghts (blue and violet

receptors have an optic nerve preference for long wave lengths

 

Term
strabismus
Definition

 when the extraoccular muscles- go out of balance, causes:


extropia: eyes diverge (wall eye)

estropia: eyes converge (cross eyed)

Term
astigmatism
Definition
 rays of light are spread out and not focused sharply on the retina; result of an imperfect curvature of the retina
Term
hypothalamus
Definition

a structure located underneath the thalamus


responsible for basic physicological functioning: eating, breathing, sleeping, waking, etc.


homeostatis center: controls and regulates the body via subcortical brain structures of the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system


directly connected to the posterior pituitary gland by tracts and indirectly connected to the anterior by blood circulation

Term
why is it unlikely there has been in increase in the prevalence of autism?
Definition

because it is a genetic disease?

 

concordance rate of 60%

 

there has just been and increase in diagonsis

Term
history
Definition
is alive. is real
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