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Brain and Behavior Chapter 5 Vocabulary
David Fraiser NROSCI 0080
21
Science
Undergraduate 1
05/27/2009

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Term
epinephrine
Definition
chemical messenger that acts as a hormone to mobilize the body for fight or flight during times of stress and as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Term
neurotransmitter
Definition
chemical released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect
Term
dopamine
Definition
amine neurotransmitter that plays a role in coordinating movement, in attention and learning, in behaviors that are reinforcing
Term
synaptic vesicle
Definition
organelle consisting of a membrane structure that encloses a quantum of neurotransmitter
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
gap that seperates the presynaptic membrane and the postynaptic membrane
Term
chemical synapse
Definition
junction where messenger molecules are released when stimulated by an action potential
Term
presynaptic membrane
Definition
membrane on the transmitter-output side of a synapse
Term
postsynaptic membrane
Definition
membrane on the transmitter-input side of a synapse
Term
storage granule
Definition
membranous compartment that holds several vesicles containing a neurotransmitter
Term
electrical synapse
Definition
fused presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane that allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next
Term
transporter
Definition
protein molecule that pumpes substances across a membrane
Term
transmitter-activated receptor
Definition
protein embedded in the membrane of a cell that has a binding site for a specific neurotransmitter
Term
autoreceptor
Definition
"self-receptor" in a neural membrane that responds to the transmitter that the neuron releases
Term
quantum (pl. quanta)
Definition
quantity, equivalent to the contents of a single synaptic vesicle, that produces a just observable change in postsynaptic electrical potential
Term
reuptake
Definition
deactivation of a neurotransmitter when membrane transporter proteins bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic axon terminal for subsequent reuse
Term
small-molecule transmitters
Definition
class of quick-acting neurotransmitters synthesized in the axon terminal from produces derived from the diet
Term
rate-limiting factor
Definition
any enzyme that is in limited supply, thus restricting the pace at which a chemical can be synthesized
Term
glutamate
Definition
amino acid neurotransmitter that excites neurons
Term
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Definition
amino acid neurotransmitter that inhibits neurons
Term
neuropeptide
Definition
a multifunctional chain of amino acids that acts as a neurotransmitter; synthesized from mRNA on instructions from the cell's DNA
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