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| Stiudy of evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of behavior and experience |
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convey messages to one another as well as muscles and glands
vary in size shape and functions |
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smaller than neurons
have many functions
but
do not convey info over great distances
somehow work in conjunction with neurons to produce behavior and experience |
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| Pysiological explanation of behaviors |
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relates a behavior to the brain and other organs.
chemical reactions in brain elicits the intricate movement of my fingers typing this card out |
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| Ontonogenetic explanation |
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Onto,greek for origin
these explain how a structure or behavior develops
including influences of genes, nutrition experiences, and their interactions.
example, holding back impulsive actions is a result of the gradual maturation of the frontal areas of the brain during the period between infancy and teenage years |
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reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.
example
goosebumps or erection of hairs on the arms and shoulders especially
useless for humans because our shoulder and arm hairs are so short, however in other animals erect their hair or fur to look larger and more intimidating. |
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why a structurer or behavior evolved as it did.
example
what benefits it gives
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belief that the mind and body are different kinds of substance that exist independantly
nearly all current philosophers and neuroscientists reject dualism |
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| the universe consists of only one kind of substance |
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view that everything that exists is material or physical.
mental events dont exist. |
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| only the mind really exists, and the physical world could not exist unless some mind were aware of it |
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mental and brain processes are the same thing.
every mental experience is a brain activity, even though descriptions of thoughts sound so different from brain activities. |
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difficulty of knowing whether other people or animals have conscious experiences
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| why and how any kind of brain activity is associated with conciousness |
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| units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another |
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what the paired genes are aligned along.
male mammals are exception because the unpaired X and Y genes have different genes. |
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| Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid make up chromosomes |
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| DNA serves as a template for the syntheseis of.... |
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| Ribonucleic acid molecules. Rna molecules are then the templates for the synthesis of proteins. |
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| biological catylists that regulate chemical reactions in the body. |
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| identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes of a specific gene |
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| Unmatche pair of genes on the same chromosome |
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shows strong effect in either homozygous or heterozygous situations. G is visible regardless of the presence of g
G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg |
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only shows its effects in homozygous conditions.
g is the recessive and will only show in the case of gg
G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg
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| Genes located on the sex chromosomes |
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| All other chromosomes and their genes |
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| chromosome has genes for about_____________ proteins |
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Present in both sexes, generally on autosomal chromosomes, active mainly in one sex
Both sexes have those genes but sex hormones activate them primarily in one sex or the other |
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| Variations in behavior depend on the combined influences of ____________ and _____________ |
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| Heretidy and environmental influences. Every behavior requires both heredity and the environment, take away either one, and nothing is possible. |
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| how Hereditary and genetic influences are measured |
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| Comparisons between monozygotic(identical twins) and dizigotic(fraternal twins), adopted children's resemblance to their biological parents. |
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| an action that benefits someone other than than the actor. |
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| individuals help those who return the favor |
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| ___________ is a logical necessity |
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Evolution
because survival of the fittest allows for genes and mutations that are beneficial to continue to thrive, while those that hinder are phased out. |
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individuals with desired traits are selected to reproduce.
breeding |
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