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Definition
| A gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets. |
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Definition
| Removal of the gonads, usually the testes. |
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Definition
| The tendency for the internal environment to remain constant. |
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Definition
| Referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell. |
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Definition
| Referring to cecllular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space |
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Definition
| Referring to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body. These glands secrete the principal hormones. |
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| Knockout mouse->Knockout organism |
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Definition
| An individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter. |
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Definition
| A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues. |
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| Immunocytochemistry (ICC) |
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Definition
A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which 1. An antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and 2. Chemical methods are then used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody. |
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Definition
| A method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridized with, the transcript of interest. |
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| Neurosecrretory/Neuroendocrine Cells |
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Definition
| A neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation. |
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Definition
| A peptide that is used by neurons for signaling. |
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Definition
| A substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters. |
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Definition
| A class of hormones that consists of protein molecules. |
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Definition
| A class of compounds, each composed of a single amino acid hat has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones each of which is composed of four inter-connected rings of carbon atoms. |
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Term
| Cyclic AMP or cAMP (cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate) < |
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Definition
| A second messenger that is involved in the synaptic activities of dopamine. norepinephrine, and serotonin. |
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Term
| Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) |
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Definition
| A second messenger that is common in postsynaptic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of common second-messenger compounds in postsynaptic cells. |
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Term
| Steroid receptor cofactors |
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Definition
| Proteins that affect the cell’s response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Here, an effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression. |
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Definition
| The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals. |
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Definition
| A class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones. Produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull. The anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary are separate in function. |
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Definition
| The front lobe of the pituitary gland; secretes tropic hormones. Also called adenohypophysis. |
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Definition
| The rear division of the pituitary gland. Also called Neurohypophysis. |
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Term
| Arginine vasopressin (AVP, or vasopressin |
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Definition
| A peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure, controlling the removal of water from blood by the kidneys. Al |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female |
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Term
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Definition
| The reflexive release of milk in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling. The mechanism inbolbes relase of the hormone oxytocin. |
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Term
| Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system |
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Definition
| A system of capillaries that transport releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| A tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| A tropic hormone. Released by the anterior pituitary gland, that increases the release of thyroxine and the uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tripic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, that influences the hormonal activiyies of the gonads. |
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Term
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| A tropic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, that controls the production of estrogens and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals. |
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Term
| Growth hormone (GH/somatotropin/somatrotropic hormone) |
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Definition
| A tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer covering of the adrenal gland. Each of the three cellular layers of the adrenal cortex produces different hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner core of the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that acts both as a hormone (secreted by the adrenal medulla) and as a synaptic transmitters. Also called adrenaline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainstem nuclei and in the adrenal medulla. Also called noradrenaline. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex. Also called adrenosteroids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glucocorticoid hormone of the adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that helps maintain homeostasis in the concentrations of ions in blood and extracellular fluid by inducing the kidneys to conserve sodium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chif sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex. This hormone is responsible for the adult pattern of body hair in men and women. |
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Definition
| An endocrine gland located below the vocal apparatus in the throat that regulates metabolic processes, especially carbohydrate use and body growth. |
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Definition
| A hormone released by the thyroid gland |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimullating hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A swelling of the thyroid gland caused by iodide deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced stature and mental retardation caused by thyroid deficiency. |
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Definition
| The sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males) which produce gametes for reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty. |
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Definition
| The male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones |
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Term
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female gonads, which produce eggs for reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary type of estrogen that is sereted by the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amine hormone that is released by the pineal gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of cells in the pancrease that release two hormones (insulin and glucagons) with opposite effects on glucose utilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone, released by beta cells in the islets of langerhans, that lowers blood glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone, released by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, that increases blood glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which levels of adrenal glucocorticoids are high, often arising from pituitary tumors, adrenal tumors, or deliberate therapy involving coticosteroids. |
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