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Definition
| chemicals, secreted by one cell group, that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets |
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Definition
| release hormones within the body |
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Definition
| use ducts to secrete fluids such as tears and sweat outside the body |
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| Six basic forms of chemical communication |
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Definition
| Endocrine, synaptic, autocrine, paracrine, pheromone, allomone |
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Definition
| an endocrine cell releases hormones into the bloodstream to act on target tissues |
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| involves chemical release and diffusion across a synapse (synaptic transmission) |
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Definition
| a released chemical acts on the releasing cell (auto = self) |
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| the released chemical diffuses to nearby target cells |
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| hormones can be used to communicate between individuals of the same species - pheromones are released into the environment |
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| allomones are chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species (birds and bees) |
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| First major experiment on endocrine system |
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Definition
| Arnold Berthold, role of testes in roosters. Found that testes release a chemical into the bloodstream that affects male behavior and body structure. He cut out the testes of a rooster and reimplanted them into the abdominal cavity (human centipede style). the reimplanted testis still affected development. |
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| Hormones act in a (gradual/segmental) fashion |
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Definition
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| Hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a (blank) |
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Definition
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| The relationship between behavior and hormones is (blank) |
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Definition
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| A hormone may have (blank1), and one behavior can be affected by (blank 2) |
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Definition
| Multiple effects; several hormones |
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| Some hormones are controlled by (blank) clocks |
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Definition
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| Hormones (can/cannot) interact with other hormones and change their effects. |
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| Across species, hormone structure is similar, but (blank) can vary |
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Definition
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| Hormones can only affect cells with a (blank) for that hormone. |
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Definition
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| Neurosecretory (neuroendocrine) cells |
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Definition
| neurons that release hormones into the blood |
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Definition
| are peptides used by neurons and can act as neuromodulators and alter sensitivity to transmitters. |
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Term
| Neural communication travels to precise destinations, but hormonal communication... |
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Definition
| spreads throughout the body, and is picked up by cells with the proper receptor. |
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Term
| Neural messages are (blank), but hormonal messages are (blank) |
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Definition
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| Hormones may travel over ... to their destination |
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Definition
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| Neural messages are (blank) in strength, but hormonal messages are (blank) in strength. |
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Definition
| digital (all or none), analog (graded). |
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| Hormone communications are (voluntary/involuntary) |
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Definition
| modified amino acids, called monoamine hormones |
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Definition
| based on a cholesterol backbone - four rings of carbon atoms |
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Term
| Hormones exert effects on cells and tissues in the body by: |
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Definition
| promoting proliferations, growth, and differentiation of cells, and modulating cell activity. |
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| What are the two mechanisms through which hormones produce their physiological effects? |
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Definition
| Protein and Steroid hormone action |
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Term
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP is a ... |
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Definition
| second messenger that transmits messages of many peptide and amine hormones. |
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| Describe protein hormone action |
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Definition
| Protein and amine hormones bind to specific receptors on the surface of a cell and cause release of a second messenger in the cell. Quick. |
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Term
| Describe steroid hormone action |
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Definition
| Steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell. Typically act slowly. When steroid receptor complexes form they alter protein production, with long-lasting effects. Some steroids act on more than one receptor - called receptor isoforms - with functional differences. |
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Term
| Steroid receptor cofactors may be necessary for ... |
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Definition
| the cell to respond to the steroid-receptor complexes. Different cells express different cofactors. |
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Term
| Some steroids such as estradiol can also have a blank effect - a rapid, brief effect involving neuronal membrane receptors. |
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Definition
| Testosterone has rapid effects on receptors located in axons and other sites distant from the nucleus. |
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Term
| Methods of studying how/whether a particular hormone influences a specific behavior (endocrinology): |
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Definition
| Knockout organisms, radioimmunoassay RIA, Autoradiography, immunicytochemistry, in situ hybridization. |
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Term
| (endocrinology) compare which behaviors are different in animals lacking genes versus normal animals. |
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Definition
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| (endocrinology) uses antibodies to measure the concentration of a hormone in blood; collect a blood sample and put radioactive antibody in sample (antibody is specific to the hormone) |
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Definition
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| (endocrinology) shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissue; hormones with radioactive labels are injected into an animal and allowed to accumulate in the target region; can show you where the hormone binds to receptors. |
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Definition
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| (endocrinology) detects protein in tissue-first by binding an antibody, then by visualizing a product |
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Definition
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| (endocrinology) detects mRNA by providing a complementary probe that hybridizes with the transcript of interest. |
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Definition
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| Hormones are regulated by blank |
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Definition
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| When output feeds back and inhibits further secretion |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) Blank response involves an endocrine gland releasing hormone and feeding back onto itself |
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Definition
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Term
| A(n) Blank response involves the hormone acting on its target cells and having a biological effect, which is detected by the blank gland, and inhibits further release. |
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Definition
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| Blank are pituitary hormones that affect other endocrine glands. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blank are used by the hypothalamus to control the pituitary release of tropic hormones. |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior and posterior pituitary are blank in function |
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Definition
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| The blank connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| pituitary stalk, or infundibulum |
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Term
| Blank is a posterior pituitary hormone involved in reproductive and parenting behavior, also in uterine contraction and the milk letdown reflex |
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Definition
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| Oxytocin and Arginine vasopressin AVP are secreted by the blank |
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Definition
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| Blank is a posterior pituitary hormone that increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamic axons converge on the blank, above the pituitary stalk: Midline feature on the base of the brain marking the point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary. Contains elements of the hypophyseal portal system. |
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Definition
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| Releasing hormones from the anterior pituitary system are secreted into local blood vessels, called the blank system: A duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and the secretory tissue of the anterior pituitary. |
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Definition
| hypophyseal portal (system) |
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Term
| The anterior pituitary releases six tropic hormones: |
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Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH -Kidney
Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH -Thyroid
Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH -Testes Ovaries
Luteinizing hormone LH -Testes Ovaries
Prolactin -Mammary glands
Growth hormone GH -Bones |
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Term
| A tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH |
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Term
| A tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, that signals the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. |
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Definition
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH |
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Term
| A gonadotropin, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, named for its actions on ovarian follicles. |
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Definition
| Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH |
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Term
| A gonadotropin, secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea. |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals. |
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Definition
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Term
| A tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a failure to grow caused by stress early in life. Stress and sleep deprivation can inhibit GH release. Most likely to affect children living in abusive households. |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones that normally aid growth and are released by the liver in response to GH |
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Term
| The adrenal medulla releases amine hormones, like: |
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Definition
| Epinephrine, norepinephrine |
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Term
| The adrenal cortex releases steroid hormones, likeL |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoids, cortisol, mineralocorticoids, sex steroids |
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Term
| A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| A glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex that increases blood glucose and breaks down protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| The system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to the adrenal gland is called the blank. |
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Definition
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Term
| A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| The chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex. Responsible for the adult pattern of body hair in men and women. |
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Definition
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Term
| The thyroid blank produces thyroid blanks. |
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Definition
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Term
| A hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. |
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Definition
| thryotropin-releasing hormone TRH |
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Term
| A swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency. |
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Definition
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Term
| Also called congenital hypothyroidism. Reduced stature and intellectual disability caused by thyroid deficiency during early development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone |
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Definition
kisspeptin: A hypothalamic peptide hormone that increases gonadotropin secretion by facilitating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
GnIH: A hypothalamic peptide hormone that reduces gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary. |
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Term
| The pineal gland secretes an amine hormone, blank, almost exlusively at night that provides a signal that tracks day length and the seasons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxytocin role in social behavior: |
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Definition
| released during nursing interaction and during orgasm; in females promotes pair-bonds. |
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Term
| Vasopressin role in social behavior: |
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Definition
| in male praire voles, facilitates the formation of pair-bonds with females. |
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Term
| Blank's disease results from long-term excess of glucocorticoids, with symptoms of fatigue and depression. |
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Definition
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Term
| Four ways hormonal and neural systems work together and communicate: |
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Definition
Neural to neural
neural to endocrine
endocrine to endocrine
endocrine to neural |
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