Term
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Definition
| The outer rind of the adrenal gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| An endocrine gland atop the kidney. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner core of the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| A tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the production and release of hormones of the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that induces the kidneys to conserve sodium ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones, each composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chief sex hormone secreted by the human adrenal cortex. Responsible for the adult pattern of body hair in men and women. |
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Term
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Definition
| The front division of the pituitary gland; secretes tropic hormones. |
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Term
| arginine vasopressin (AVP) |
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Definition
| A peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a signal that is secreted by a cell into its environment and that feeds back to the same cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of the gonads, usually the testes. |
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Term
| corpora lutea (sing. corpus luteum) |
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Definition
| The structures formed from collapsed ovarian follicles subsequent to ovulation. A major source of progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A glucocorticoid stress hormone of the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced stature and intellectual disability caused by thyroid deficiency during early development. |
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Term
| cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP, or cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP, or cGMP) |
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Definition
| Second messengers activated in target cells in response to synaptic or hormonal stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body. These glands secrete the principal hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compound that acts both as a hormone (secreted by the adrenal medulla under the control of the sympathetic nervous system) and as a synaptic transmitter. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gland whose secretions exit the body via ducts. |
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Term
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| A gonadotropin, named for its actions on ovarian follicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovarian structures containing immature ova. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A swelling of the thyroid gland resulting from iodine deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes. |
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Term
| gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic peptide hormone that reduces gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary. |
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Term
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sexual organs (ovaries in females, testes in males), which produce gametes for reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues. |
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Term
| hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
| A duplex system of capillaries spanning between the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus and the secretory tissue of the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
| immunocytochemistry (ICC) |
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Definition
| A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for detecting particular RNA transcripts in tissue sections by providing a nucleotide probe that is complementary to, and will therefore hybridize with, the transcript of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothalamic peptide hormone that increases gonadotropin secretion by facilitating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual in which a particular gene has been disabled by an experimenter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gonadotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Midline feature on the base of the brain marking the point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary. Contains elements of the hypophyseal portal system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An amine hormone that is released by the pineal gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reflexive release of milk in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling. The mechanism involves release of the hormone oxytocin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of steroid hormones, released by the adrenal cortex, that affect ion concentrations in body tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| The property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to secretory functions of neurons, especially pertaining to synaptic transmission. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peptide that is used by neurons for signaling. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of a steroid hormone that is not mediated by direct changes in gene expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter produced and released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons to accelerate organ activity. Also produced in the brainstem and found in projections throughout the brain. Here, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla under the control of the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for action. |
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Term
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Definition
| A birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The female gonads, which produce eggs for reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to cellular communication in which a chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells through the intermediate extracellular space. |
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Term
| paragigantocellular nucleus (PGN) |
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Definition
| A region of the brainstem reticular formation implicated in sleep and modulation of spinal reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones, molecules of which consist of a string of amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of common second-messenger compounds in postsynaptic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A secretory gland in the brain midline; the source of melatonin release. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull. The anterior _ and posterior _ are separate in function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rear division of the pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary type of progestin secreted by the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein hormone, produced by the anterior pituitary, that promotes mammary development for lactation in female mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique that uses antibodies to measure the concentration of a substance, such as a hormone, in blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A version of a receptor protein (in this context, a hormone receptor) with slight differences in structure that give it different functional properties. Conceptually similar to a receptor subtype. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slow-acting substance in the postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic activity and signals synaptic activity within the postsynaptic cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroid hormones secreted by the gonads: androgens, estrogens, and progestins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of proteins, released from the liver in response to growth hormone, that aid body growth and maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms. |
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Term
| steroid receptor cofactors |
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Definition
| Proteins that affect the cell’s response when a steroid hormone binds its receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hypothalamic nucleus containing neuroendocrine cells that send axons to the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin or vasopressin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty. |
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Term
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Definition
| An endocrine gland, located in the throat, that regulates cellular metabolism throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two hormones, triiodothyronine and thyroxine (also called tetraiodothyronine), released from the thyroid gland that have widespread effects, including growth and maintenance of the brain. |
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Term
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| A tropic hormone, released by the anterior pituitary gland, that signals the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones. |
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Term
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that binds to recognition sites on DNA and alters the rate of expression of particular genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of other endocrine glands. |
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