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Bowmann Biology 20A UCSC
Metabolism
156
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/11/2007

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Term
What are two general functions of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
1.Gives the cell mechanical strength
2.Important in movement
Term
What are microtubules made of?
Definition
Tubulin
Term
What is the diameter of a microtubule?
Definition
25 nm
Term
How are the elements of the cytoskeleton related in size?
Definition
Largest-microtubule
Medium- Intermediate filaments
Smallest-Microfilaments
Term
What is the function of microtubules?
Definition
1. Gives a cell its shape
2.Serves as tracks along which other cell components can move i.e(vesicles,organelles,chromosomes)
Term
What is the shape of a microtubule?
Definition
A ridgid tube
Term
What are microfilaments made of?
Definition
Actin
Term
What is the diameter of a microfilament?
Definition
7nm
Term
What is the structure of microfilaments?
Definition
Two intertwined actin strands, flexible and thin.
Term
What are 4 functions of microfilaments?
Definition
1.Serves as a rope or cable to hold parts together
2.important in ameboid movement
3. major role in muscle contraction
4. Cell division (not nuclear division)
Term
What are Intermediate fibers made of?
Definition
Several types of protein.
e.g Keratin
Term
What is the structure of intermediate filaments?
Definition
Fibers wound tightly together, relativley fixed in the cell.
Term
What is the diameter of an intermediate filament?
Definition
10nm
Term
What is the function of an intermediate filament?
Definition
1. Cell Shape
2. Anchors Organelles
Term
What motors move along microtubules?
Definition
Kinesin and Dynein
Term
What are the three parts of a cellular motor?
Definition
Head
Stalk
cargo binding site
Term
What does the head of a molecular motor do?
Definition
Walks along microtubule, uses ATP
Term
What does the stalk of a motor do?
Definition
Connects the head to the cargo binding site?
Term
What does the motors cargo binding site do?
Definition
Binds cargo such as vesicles.
Term
What does Dynein do?
Definition
One end is fixed to a microtubule and and the other walks along another microtubule
Term
What does Myosin do?
Definition
Head walks along actin fiber, uses ATP
stalk connected to something fixed like part of muscle fiber
Term
How are eukaryotic cilia and flagella relate? and what about bacterial flagella?
Definition
They are very similar to each other.
bacterial flagella are different
Term
What are flagella?
Definition
Bundles of microtubules, precisely organized.
Term
How do flagella undulate?
Definition
Dynein causes one set of MT to move along another, the whole bundle will bend
Term
Where do humans have cilia?
Definition
respratory tract
Term
What is metabolism?
Definition
Synthesis and breakdown of bio molecules
Term
What are the three main parts of metabolism we studied.
Definition
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
Term
What is the desired products of metabolism?
Definition
ATP, the key cellular energy source, and the basic building blocks for all other biomolecules
Term
what is the basic reaction of metabolism?
Definition
C6H12o6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H20
Term
How much energy is released by burning a mole of glucose?
Definition
686 kcal
Term
What is the structure of ATP
Definition
Ribose + adenine+ three phosphates[image]
Term
What are some things that use ATP?
Definition
Pumps(ATPases), Molecular motors, and polymer synthesis uses ATP
Term
How does ATP provide energy?
Definition
The terminal phosphate is removed and energy is released.this can be linked to drive other reactions
Term
How much energy does ATP release per mole when it loses its terminal phosphate?
Definition
-7.3 kcal
Term
What does NADH carry?
Definition
two high energy electrons
Term
What is the reaction for NADH losing its electrons?
Definition
NADH ----> NAD+ + 2e- + H+
Term
What does the structure of NADH look like?
Definition
[image]
Term
What kind of organisms use glycolysis?
Definition
Virtually all organisms
Term
Where are the enzymes for glycolysis located?
Definition
in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
Term
How many enzymes are involved in glycolysis?
Definition
10, therefore there are 10 steps as well
Term
How is glucose taken apart in glycolysis?
Definition
One or two atoms at a time
Term
What is ATP a good comprimise between?
Definition
Reactivity and Stability
Term
What is GTP?
Definition
A chemical that is used just like ATP
Term
What is the function of Glycolysis?
Definition
Make ATP and building blocks for other molecules
Term
What goes into glycolysis?
Definition
Glucose, ADP,Pi and NAD+
Term
What comes out of Glycolysis?
Definition
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
Term
What is the carbon skeleton of glycolysis?
Definition
6C molecule ---> two 3C molecules
Term
Where does Glycolysis take place?
Definition
In the Cytosol
Term
Are there any organelles involved in glycolysis?
Definition
No
Term
Is any ATP used in glycolysis? for what?
Definition
2 ATP are used to phosphorylate intermediates in process
Term
Where do organisms that utilized fermentation get their ATP?
Definition
From glycolysis, but they need 1 or 2 extra steps
Term
What does ATP production beyond glycolysis require?
Definition
O2
Term
What is the problem w/ glycolysis when 02 is low?
Definition
NAD+ gets used up
Term
In our bodies how is NAD+ regenerated w/o O2?
Definition
Pyruvate + NADH -----> lactic acid + NAD+
Term
What happens to lactic acid when 02 is available?
Definition
it can be converted into energy---> ATP
Term
What are the two steps in alcoholic fermentation?
Definition
1. Pyruvate---> acetylaldehyde +C02
2. Acetylaldehyde + NADH ----> ethanol + NAD+
Term
What happens to pyruvate if O2 is present?
Definition
Pyruvate +NAD+ + Coenzyme A -----> Co2 + NADH + acetyl Coenzyme A
Term
What happend to pyruvate when 02 is present?
Definition
1.Two high energy electrons are put on NAD+
2.First decarboxylation of glucose a co2
3. Co enzyme A serves as a carrier for acetyl (2C)
Term
Where does pyruvate get turned into acetyl Co A?
Definition
inside the mitochondrion
Term
What happens in the krebs cycle?
Definition
acetyl group is used to make more ATP
Term
How many enzymes are used in krebs cycle?
Definition
8 therefore there are 8 steps
Term
How does krebs cycle make a cycle?
Definition
A product is used as a reactant in the next cycle of rxn
Term
How is the acetyl group taken apart in krebs cycle?
Definition
in small steps
Term
What two molecules go into making citrate?
Definition
Acetyl group (2C) and a 4C acid OAA
Term
besides the molecules that make citrate what goes into the krebs cycle?
Definition
ADP, Pi, FAD, NAD+
Term
What does the krebs cycle produce?
Definition
OAA(regenerated), 2 Co2, 2 ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2
Term
What is the carbon skeleton of the krebs cycle?
Definition
2C + 4C ---> 6C----> 5C + CO2 ----> 4C + CO2
Term
Where does the krebs cycle take place?
Definition
in the matrix of the mitochondrion
Term
What do NADH and FADH carry?
Definition
High energy electrons and protons
Term
What do glycolysis and the krebs cycle produce all in all
Definition
6 CO2
4ATP
10NADH
2FADH2
Term
What happens to FADH and NADH?
Definition
Mitochondrial Enzymes use NADH and FADH2 to make more ATP
Term
How is a mitochondrion organized?
Definition
Outer membrane..Space between membranes.. Inner Membrane(organized in cristae).. Matrix
Term
What are some charicteristics of mitochindria?
Definition
they have their own DNA, their own ribosomes, can make some of their own proteins
Term
Where did mitochondria come from?
Definition
Evolved from invading bacteria
Term
where are mitos especially abundant?
Definition
muscle cells
Term
What was the original hypothesis for the production of ATP?
Definition
there was a process like glycolysis or the krebs cycle responsible
Term
How does ATP get created in glycolysis and krebs cycle?
Definition
Substrate level phosphorylation
Term
How is ATP made in Krebs cycle?
Definition
With enzymes!
Succinyl CoA + Pi + ADP----> succinate + ATP + CoA
Term
What EXACTLY was the old hypothesis about ATP production?
Definition
NADH is used to make a high energy phosphorylated compound written P~X.
sought for for years never found
Term
What reaxtion proceeds in mitochondria and results in ATP
Definition
NADH + O2 ----> NAD+ + H20
and ATP is produced when this reaction progresses
Term
What did "uncouplers" do?
Definition
Uncouplers, like dinitrophenol made oxidation of NADH go faster but no ATP was produced. Uncoupled ADP production and NADH oxidation.
Term
How where uncouplers related in structer?
Definition
They where not!
Term
Who proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
and what did he say was key?
Definition
Peter Mitchell
.. the electrochemical gradient
Term
In the chemiosmotic hypothesis what was NADH used for?
Definition
NADH was used to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
In the chemiosmotic hypothesis what accepts electrons from NADH? and what does this rxn do?
Definition
O2.. it drives proton pumps
Term
What does proton pumping in the chemiosmotic hypothesis do?
Definition
forms and electrochemical gradient
Both H+ conc. and electrical gradient= strong driving force for protons to flow back into the mito
Term
What synthesizes ATP in the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
Definition
An enzyme in the membrane
Term
What does the ATP synthesizing enzyme use to make ATP?
Definition
The H+ gradient, it is a pump running backwards.. protons reentering the membrane drive it
Term
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis what are Uncouplers doing?
Definition
They made the membrane leaky and allowed the inflow of protons back across the membrane
Term
The chemiosmotic hypothesis explained why no ______ could be found
Definition
Squiggle compound or "high energy phosphorolated intermediate"
Term
The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis explaind why _____ where needed
Definition
Membranes
Term
What did Andre Jegendorf and Ernie Uribe do to support the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
Definition
used chloroplast membranes filled w/ ph 4 in a solution of ph 8 with ADP and Pi. No NADH no soluble enzymes. Got ATP production
Term
What did Racker and stoecknius do?
Definition
constructed "artificial membranes" with a light activated proton pump and animal ATP synthase
when light is shone on the "cell" protons are pumped in, accumulate and as they exit they produce atp
Term
How many major proton pumps are in the mito membrane?
Definition
Three
Term
What is complex I?
Definition
NADH dehydrogenase
Term
In complex I where does NADH pass its electrons?
Definition
to Quinone
Term
What are the products of Complex I?
Definition
NAD+ + QH2
Term
How many protons are pumped by complex I?
Definition
4
Term
What is Complex II?
Definition
Not a pump
Term
In complex II what passes electrons to Quinone?
Definition
FADH2
Term
What are the products of Complex II?
Definition
FAD + QH2
Term
What is Complex III?
Definition
cytochrome bc1
Term
Who passes electrons to whom in complex III?
Definition
QH2 passes electrons to cytochrome c
Term
how many protons are pumped by complex III?
Definition
~4
Term
What is complex IV?
Definition
cytochrome oxidase
Term
electrons get transfered from whom to whom in complex IV?
Definition
cytochrome c passes electrons to oxygen
Term
how many electrons are pumped by complex IV?
Definition
4
Term
What is the end product of complex IV?
Definition
H20
Term
What are some components of the complexes which carry electrons?
Definition
Fe+3 ----> Fe+2

Cu+1 -----> Cu+2
Term
why are cytochromes colored?
Definition
because of the metals they contain.
Term
What is the protein that makes ATP
Definition
ATP Synthase
Term
What does ATP synthase utilize?
Definition
the proton electrochemical gradient
Term
Approximatly how many protons need to be pumped to make an ATP?
Definition
3
Term
what is ATP synthase also called and why?
Definition
ATPase, becauese the rxn is reversable
Term
How can you see ATP synthase?
Definition
w/ an electron microscope
Term
what does ATP synthase function like?
Definition
a real motor w/ rotating shaft
Term
What are the three parts of ATP synthase?
Definition
Round head piece- ADP and Pi binding sites
Stalk and membrane part- rotor
section that connects head and membrane-Stator
Term
What causes rotor in ATP synthase to turn?
Definition
H+ flow
Term
What do you call a reaction which breaks things down?
Definition
catabolic
Term
what do catabolic pathways do?
Definition
break down larger molecules into small either for energy or for re-synthesis
Term
What is a listed on box calorie really?
Definition
a Kcal
Term
How many calories does a big mac have
Definition
590
Term
What is a big mac bun made of?
Definition
flour-starch
high fructose corn syrup
yeast
vegetable oil(partially hydrogenated)
diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and di glycerides- emulsifiers
Term
What is starch
Definition
a chain of glucose
Term
how do we break down starch?
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
how is glucose stored? and where?
Definition
Glycogen in liver and muscles
Term
What vitamins are in a big mac bun?
Definition
Thiamine,
riboflavin,
niacin,
folic acid,
ascorbic acid,
Term
Where do vitamines fit in the body?
Definition
Parts of enzymes
Term
Where can flavin be found?
Definition
FADH2
Term
Where can Niacin be found?
Definition
NADH
Term
What is the beef patty made of?
Definition
protein polypeptides
lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol.. mostly w/ saturated fatty acids
Term
how do we break apart proteins?
Definition
Hydrolysis
Term
What are amino acids converted to?
Definition
Pyruvate, acetyl groups or krebs cycle intermediates
Term
What happens to NH2 on amino acids?
Definition
Can be converted to toxic NH3 and must be exctreted as urea
Term
What are fatty acids converted to?
Definition
acetyl groups,NADH,FADH2
Term
Where could vegies get protein.
Definition
soy, seed stotage proteins --> amino acids
Term
what is the advantage of being a vegie?
Definition
less fat
Term
what is the disadvantage of being a vegie?
Definition
skewed dist. of aa's
Term
what vegies give you a good spread of aa's?
Definition
Rice and beans
Term
what was in sauce?
Definition
vegetable oil, egg yolks (high cholesterol)

high in lipids
Term
how much does a big mac weigh?
Definition
7.6 oz (.5 lb)
Term
how much fat is in a big mac?
Definition
1.2 oz 310 cal
Term
how much carbohydrates?
Definition
1.7 oz 180 cal
Term
how much protein?
Definition
0.9 oz 100 cal
Term
Why do fats yield 2X cal per weight than carbs?
Definition
Molecular structure few oxidized groups
Term
why dont proteins and carbs yield much E?
Definition
lots of oxidized groups, already partially burned
Term
what is the best way to store E?
Definition
Fat
Term
how do we build large molecules?
Definition
Anabolic pathways
Term
how do we build carbs?
Definition
reverse glycolysis (put in E to make it run backwards at key steps)
Term
How do many proteins to we need?
Definition
20
Term
How do we make aa's?
Definition
primarily from krebs cycle intermediates
Term
How do we make lipids?
Definition
fatty acids are made from acetyl groups
Term
how do we make nucleotides?
Definition
from sugars, acetyl groups and krebs cycle intermediates
Term
How is metabolism regulated?
Definition
Allosteric enzymes
Term
What does PFK stand for and what does it regulate?
Definition
Phosphofructokinase
glycolysis
Term
What does PFK allosterically bind?
Definition
citrate, when alot slows glycolysis
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