Term
| What are two general functions of the cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
1.Gives the cell mechanical strength
2.Important in movement |
|
|
Term
| What are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of a microtubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the elements of the cytoskeleton related in size? |
|
Definition
Largest-microtubule
Medium- Intermediate filaments
Smallest-Microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of microtubules? |
|
Definition
1. Gives a cell its shape
2.Serves as tracks along which other cell components can move i.e(vesicles,organelles,chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of a microtubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microfilaments made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of a microfilament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of microfilaments? |
|
Definition
| Two intertwined actin strands, flexible and thin. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 functions of microfilaments? |
|
Definition
1.Serves as a rope or cable to hold parts together
2.important in ameboid movement
3. major role in muscle contraction
4. Cell division (not nuclear division) |
|
|
Term
| What are Intermediate fibers made of? |
|
Definition
Several types of protein.
e.g Keratin |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| Fibers wound tightly together, relativley fixed in the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter of an intermediate filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of an intermediate filament? |
|
Definition
1. Cell Shape
2. Anchors Organelles |
|
|
Term
| What motors move along microtubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of a cellular motor? |
|
Definition
Head
Stalk
cargo binding site |
|
|
Term
| What does the head of a molecular motor do? |
|
Definition
| Walks along microtubule, uses ATP |
|
|
Term
| What does the stalk of a motor do? |
|
Definition
| Connects the head to the cargo binding site? |
|
|
Term
| What does the motors cargo binding site do? |
|
Definition
| Binds cargo such as vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One end is fixed to a microtubule and and the other walks along another microtubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Head walks along actin fiber, uses ATP
stalk connected to something fixed like part of muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| How are eukaryotic cilia and flagella relate? and what about bacterial flagella? |
|
Definition
They are very similar to each other.
bacterial flagella are different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bundles of microtubules, precisely organized. |
|
|
Term
| How do flagella undulate? |
|
Definition
| Dynein causes one set of MT to move along another, the whole bundle will bend |
|
|
Term
| Where do humans have cilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synthesis and breakdown of bio molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main parts of metabolism we studied. |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| What is the desired products of metabolism? |
|
Definition
| ATP, the key cellular energy source, and the basic building blocks for all other biomolecules |
|
|
Term
| what is the basic reaction of metabolism? |
|
Definition
| C6H12o6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H20 |
|
|
Term
| How much energy is released by burning a mole of glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of ATP |
|
Definition
| Ribose + adenine+ three phosphates[image] |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that use ATP? |
|
Definition
| Pumps(ATPases), Molecular motors, and polymer synthesis uses ATP |
|
|
Term
| How does ATP provide energy? |
|
Definition
| The terminal phosphate is removed and energy is released.this can be linked to drive other reactions |
|
|
Term
| How much energy does ATP release per mole when it loses its terminal phosphate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two high energy electrons |
|
|
Term
| What is the reaction for NADH losing its electrons? |
|
Definition
| NADH ----> NAD+ + 2e- + H+ |
|
|
Term
| What does the structure of NADH look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of organisms use glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the enzymes for glycolysis located? |
|
Definition
| in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
| How many enzymes are involved in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 10, therefore there are 10 steps as well |
|
|
Term
| How is glucose taken apart in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| One or two atoms at a time |
|
|
Term
| What is ATP a good comprimise between? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical that is used just like ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| Make ATP and building blocks for other molecules |
|
|
Term
| What goes into glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comes out of Glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the carbon skeleton of glycolysis? |
|
Definition
| 6C molecule ---> two 3C molecules |
|
|
Term
| Where does Glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are there any organelles involved in glycolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is any ATP used in glycolysis? for what? |
|
Definition
| 2 ATP are used to phosphorylate intermediates in process |
|
|
Term
| Where do organisms that utilized fermentation get their ATP? |
|
Definition
| From glycolysis, but they need 1 or 2 extra steps |
|
|
Term
| What does ATP production beyond glycolysis require? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem w/ glycolysis when 02 is low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In our bodies how is NAD+ regenerated w/o O2? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate + NADH -----> lactic acid + NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| What happens to lactic acid when 02 is available? |
|
Definition
| it can be converted into energy---> ATP |
|
|
Term
| What are the two steps in alcoholic fermentation? |
|
Definition
1. Pyruvate---> acetylaldehyde +C02
2. Acetylaldehyde + NADH ----> ethanol + NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| What happens to pyruvate if O2 is present? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate +NAD+ + Coenzyme A -----> Co2 + NADH + acetyl Coenzyme A |
|
|
Term
| What happend to pyruvate when 02 is present? |
|
Definition
1.Two high energy electrons are put on NAD+
2.First decarboxylation of glucose a co2
3. Co enzyme A serves as a carrier for acetyl (2C) |
|
|
Term
| Where does pyruvate get turned into acetyl Co A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| acetyl group is used to make more ATP |
|
|
Term
| How many enzymes are used in krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| 8 therefore there are 8 steps |
|
|
Term
| How does krebs cycle make a cycle? |
|
Definition
| A product is used as a reactant in the next cycle of rxn |
|
|
Term
| How is the acetyl group taken apart in krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two molecules go into making citrate? |
|
Definition
| Acetyl group (2C) and a 4C acid OAA |
|
|
Term
| besides the molecules that make citrate what goes into the krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the krebs cycle produce? |
|
Definition
| OAA(regenerated), 2 Co2, 2 ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the carbon skeleton of the krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| 2C + 4C ---> 6C----> 5C + CO2 ----> 4C + CO2 |
|
|
Term
| Where does the krebs cycle take place? |
|
Definition
| in the matrix of the mitochondrion |
|
|
Term
| What do NADH and FADH carry? |
|
Definition
| High energy electrons and protons |
|
|
Term
| What do glycolysis and the krebs cycle produce all in all |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to FADH and NADH? |
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial Enzymes use NADH and FADH2 to make more ATP |
|
|
Term
| How is a mitochondrion organized? |
|
Definition
| Outer membrane..Space between membranes.. Inner Membrane(organized in cristae).. Matrix |
|
|
Term
| What are some charicteristics of mitochindria? |
|
Definition
| they have their own DNA, their own ribosomes, can make some of their own proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where did mitochondria come from? |
|
Definition
| Evolved from invading bacteria |
|
|
Term
| where are mitos especially abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the original hypothesis for the production of ATP? |
|
Definition
| there was a process like glycolysis or the krebs cycle responsible |
|
|
Term
| How does ATP get created in glycolysis and krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
|
Term
| How is ATP made in Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
With enzymes!
Succinyl CoA + Pi + ADP----> succinate + ATP + CoA |
|
|
Term
| What EXACTLY was the old hypothesis about ATP production? |
|
Definition
NADH is used to make a high energy phosphorylated compound written P~X.
sought for for years never found |
|
|
Term
| What reaxtion proceeds in mitochondria and results in ATP |
|
Definition
NADH + O2 ----> NAD+ + H20
and ATP is produced when this reaction progresses |
|
|
Term
| What did "uncouplers" do? |
|
Definition
| Uncouplers, like dinitrophenol made oxidation of NADH go faster but no ATP was produced. Uncoupled ADP production and NADH oxidation. |
|
|
Term
| How where uncouplers related in structer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis?
and what did he say was key? |
|
Definition
Peter Mitchell
.. the electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| In the chemiosmotic hypothesis what was NADH used for? |
|
Definition
| NADH was used to pump H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| In the chemiosmotic hypothesis what accepts electrons from NADH? and what does this rxn do? |
|
Definition
| O2.. it drives proton pumps |
|
|
Term
| What does proton pumping in the chemiosmotic hypothesis do? |
|
Definition
forms and electrochemical gradient
Both H+ conc. and electrical gradient= strong driving force for protons to flow back into the mito |
|
|
Term
| What synthesizes ATP in the chemiosmotic hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| An enzyme in the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What does the ATP synthesizing enzyme use to make ATP? |
|
Definition
| The H+ gradient, it is a pump running backwards.. protons reentering the membrane drive it |
|
|
Term
| According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis what are Uncouplers doing? |
|
Definition
| They made the membrane leaky and allowed the inflow of protons back across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| The chemiosmotic hypothesis explained why no ______ could be found |
|
Definition
| Squiggle compound or "high energy phosphorolated intermediate" |
|
|
Term
| The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis explaind why _____ where needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Andre Jegendorf and Ernie Uribe do to support the chemiosmotic hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| used chloroplast membranes filled w/ ph 4 in a solution of ph 8 with ADP and Pi. No NADH no soluble enzymes. Got ATP production |
|
|
Term
| What did Racker and stoecknius do? |
|
Definition
constructed "artificial membranes" with a light activated proton pump and animal ATP synthase
when light is shone on the "cell" protons are pumped in, accumulate and as they exit they produce atp |
|
|
Term
| How many major proton pumps are in the mito membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In complex I where does NADH pass its electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of Complex I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many protons are pumped by complex I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In complex II what passes electrons to Quinone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of Complex II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who passes electrons to whom in complex III? |
|
Definition
| QH2 passes electrons to cytochrome c |
|
|
Term
| how many protons are pumped by complex III? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| electrons get transfered from whom to whom in complex IV? |
|
Definition
| cytochrome c passes electrons to oxygen |
|
|
Term
| how many electrons are pumped by complex IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of complex IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some components of the complexes which carry electrons? |
|
Definition
Fe+3 ----> Fe+2
Cu+1 -----> Cu+2 |
|
|
Term
| why are cytochromes colored? |
|
Definition
| because of the metals they contain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the protein that makes ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ATP synthase utilize? |
|
Definition
| the proton electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| Approximatly how many protons need to be pumped to make an ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is ATP synthase also called and why? |
|
Definition
| ATPase, becauese the rxn is reversable |
|
|
Term
| How can you see ATP synthase? |
|
Definition
| w/ an electron microscope |
|
|
Term
| what does ATP synthase function like? |
|
Definition
| a real motor w/ rotating shaft |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of ATP synthase? |
|
Definition
Round head piece- ADP and Pi binding sites
Stalk and membrane part- rotor
section that connects head and membrane-Stator |
|
|
Term
| What causes rotor in ATP synthase to turn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you call a reaction which breaks things down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do catabolic pathways do? |
|
Definition
| break down larger molecules into small either for energy or for re-synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is a listed on box calorie really? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many calories does a big mac have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a big mac bun made of? |
|
Definition
flour-starch
high fructose corn syrup
yeast
vegetable oil(partially hydrogenated)
diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and di glycerides- emulsifiers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we break down starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is glucose stored? and where? |
|
Definition
| Glycogen in liver and muscles |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are in a big mac bun? |
|
Definition
Thiamine,
riboflavin,
niacin,
folic acid,
ascorbic acid, |
|
|
Term
| Where do vitamines fit in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can flavin be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can Niacin be found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the beef patty made of? |
|
Definition
protein polypeptides
lipids, phospholipids, cholesterol.. mostly w/ saturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| how do we break apart proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are amino acids converted to? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate, acetyl groups or krebs cycle intermediates |
|
|
Term
| What happens to NH2 on amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Can be converted to toxic NH3 and must be exctreted as urea |
|
|
Term
| What are fatty acids converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where could vegies get protein. |
|
Definition
| soy, seed stotage proteins --> amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage of being a vegie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the disadvantage of being a vegie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vegies give you a good spread of aa's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vegetable oil, egg yolks (high cholesterol)
high in lipids |
|
|
Term
| how much does a big mac weigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much fat is in a big mac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do fats yield 2X cal per weight than carbs? |
|
Definition
| Molecular structure few oxidized groups |
|
|
Term
| why dont proteins and carbs yield much E? |
|
Definition
| lots of oxidized groups, already partially burned |
|
|
Term
| what is the best way to store E? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we build large molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reverse glycolysis (put in E to make it run backwards at key steps) |
|
|
Term
| How do many proteins to we need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primarily from krebs cycle intermediates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatty acids are made from acetyl groups |
|
|
Term
| how do we make nucleotides? |
|
Definition
| from sugars, acetyl groups and krebs cycle intermediates |
|
|
Term
| How is metabolism regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PFK stand for and what does it regulate? |
|
Definition
Phosphofructokinase
glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| What does PFK allosterically bind? |
|
Definition
| citrate, when alot slows glycolysis |
|
|
