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Boucvault Exam
still aint free
102
Physics
12th Grade
05/11/2014

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Cards

Term
linear momentum
Definition

force or energy that a moving object carries with it.

momentum can be transferred through collisions

Term
momentum
Definition

objects mass multiplied by its velocity.

its a vector wuantity whose sign depends on its velocity

Term
Momentum formula
Definition

p=mv

momentum = mass x velocity

Term
you can think of momentum as____________.
Definition
the force or energy needed to stop a moving, massive object.
Term
a change in momentum takes_____
Definition
force and time
Term
impulse
Definition
change in momentum
Term
impulse momentum theorem
Definition
concept of time to momentum and states that a force applied over a time will change momentum due to the change in velocity
Term
impulse momentum theorem formula
Definition
force x time interval = change in momentum
Term
energy is transferred in ___( ignoring _____) and ______ is conserved
Definition

collisions

friction

momentum

Term
the law of conservation of momentum
Definition
the total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the nature of the forces between the objects
Term
momentum is also conserved for objects _____. follows newtons third law
Definition

pushing away from each other

related to newtons third law because the momenta are equal but opposite

Term
during any collision the change in momentum of one object is _______ of the other object
Definition
equal but opposite to the change in momentum
Term
perefectly inelastic collisions
Definition
collisions that involve two objects that move together after the collision including stationary objects.
Term

perfectly inelastic collisions

formula

Definition
m1v1,i+m2v2,1=(m1+m2)Vf
Term
objecrts in an inelastic collision are deformed during the collision and lose some ___________
Definition
kinetic energy to deformations, sound, and heat
Term
elastic collisions
Definition
collisions that incolce two objects that remain seperate after the collision
Term
in an elastic collision both___________ remain constant
Definition
the total momentum and total kinetic energy
Term
T/F most collisions are either elastic or perfectly inelastic
Definition
False most are a combination of both
Term
T/F objects in an elastic collision maintain or return to their original shape after the collision
Definition
true
Term
what are the units of momentum
Definition

kilograms x meters per second

kg*m/s

Term
a ____ force may produce a large change in momentum by acting on a very massive object
Definition
small
Term

T/F

a change in momentum takes force and time

Definition
True
Term
a bicycle rolling downward has momentum. what two things could increase the momentum?
Definition
increase mass or velocity
Term
if a net force acts on an object then the object's momentum will
Definition
either decrease or increase
Term
a ball whirled in a circular motion will move off in a straight line if the string breaks is due to what?
Definition
inertia
Term
what term describes a force that causes an object to move in a circular path
Definition
centripetal force
Term
centripetal acceleration must involve a change in
Definition
an objects velocity
Term
explain what makes a passenger in a turning car slide toward the door of the car
Definition
when the car turns, the inertia of the passenger keeps the passenger moving in the same direction that the car was initially moving.
Term
what is the difference between tangential and centripetal acceleration
Definition

objects moving in a circular path undergoes centripetal acceleration because the object changes direction.

Tangential acceleration occurs when an object changes its speed around the path

Term
what really happened with the apple?
Definition

 The apple is accelerated, since its velocity changes from zero as it is hanging on the tree and moves toward the ground. Thus, by Newton's 2nd Law there must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. Let's call this force "gravity", and the associated acceleration the "accleration due to gravity".

Term
explain how Newton came to understand gravities true reach
Definition

 if the force of gravity reaches to the top of the highest tree, might it not reach even further; in particular, might it not reach all the way to the orbit of the Moon! Then, the orbit of the Moon about the Earth could be a consequence of the gravitational force, because the acceleration due to gravity could change the velocity of the Moon in just such a way that it followed an orbit around the earth.


Term
explain the cannon example used to show how objects go into orbit
Definition

Newton reasoned that if the cannon projected the cannon ball with exactly the right velocity, the projectile would travel completely around the Earth, always falling in the gravitational field but never reaching the Earth, which is curving away at the same rate that the projectile falls. That is, the cannon ball would have been put into orbit around the Earth. 

Term
gravitational force
Definition
the mutual force of attraction between particles of matter
Term
law of universal gravitation
Definition
every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force directed along the line of centers for the two objects that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the seperation between the two objects.
Term
the force that the moon exerts on the earth is_____ to the force that Earth exerts on the moon.
Definition
equal and opposite
Term
why does the moon revolve around the earth instead of the earth revolving around the moon?
Definition
the centripetal forces cause the moon and earth to orbit around the center of mass. the earth has more mass so the moon revolves around the earth
Term
how can a black hole trap light if light has no mass?
Definition
black holes are so massive that nothing can escape it gravitational pull
Term
first person to suggest black holes
Definition
1916 karl schwarzchild
Term
who coined the term black hole
Definition
1967 John Wheeler
Term
in order for an object to escape the gravitational pull of a planet, the____.
Definition
object must be moving away from the planet faster than a certain threshold speed which is called the escape velocity.
Term
how does the escape velocity of a black hole relate to the speed of light?
Definition
the escape velocity for a blcak hole is greater than the speed of light.
Term
why can't black holes be directly observed?
Definition
they trap light
Term
why do tides occur on Earth
Definition
tides are partially due to the gravitational force exerted on Earth by the moon. the tides result from the difference between the gravitational force at Earths surface and at Earths center
Term
describe what produces a spring tide and neap tide?
Definition
when the sun and moon are in line, the combined effect produces a greater than usual high tide called the spring tide. when the sun and moon at are right angles, the result is a lower than usual high tide called a neap tide
Term
each revolution of the moon around the earth corresponds to _____ spring tides and _____ neap tides
Definition
2 spring tides and 2 neap tides
Term
where are some of the worlds highest tides located and how much does it actually rise
Definition

bay of fundy

16 meters from its low point

Term
how does newtons law of gravitation account for ocean tides?
Definition
His law described why tides occur high and low tides are partly due to the gravitational force exerted on Earth by its moon.  Tides result from the DIFFERENCE between the gravitational force at Earth’s surface and at Earth’s center
Term
on the side of Earth that is nearrest to the moon, the moon's gravitation force is greater than it is at earths center because
Definition
Gravitational force decreases with distance.  The water is pulled toward the moon, creating an outward bulge.  On the opposite side of Earth, the gravitational force is LESS than it is at the center.  On this side, all mass is still pulled toward the moon, but the water is pulled least.  This creates another outward bulge.
Term
describe four other factors in tides besides the moon and the sun
Definition
  1. depths of ocean basins
  2. earths tilt
  3. earths rotation
  4. friction between ocean water and ocean floor
Term
is the suns effect on earths ocean tides more or less significant than the moon?why?
Definition
sun exerts a greater force on the earth than the moon does, the difference between the force on the far and near sides of Earth
Term
how did Henry Cavendish determine the value of G?
Definition
In 1798, Henry Cavendish conducted an experiment that determined the value of the constant G.  He put two small spheres fixed to the ends of suspended light rod.  These two small spheres are attracted to two larger spheres by the gravitational forces.  The angle of rotation is measured with a LIGHT BEAM and is then used to determine the gravitational force between the spheres.  When the masses, the distance between them, and the gravitational force are know, Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be used to find G.  Once the value of G is known, the law can be used again to find Earth’s mass.
Term
why does wieght change with location
Definition
Weight is the magnitude of the force due to gravity, which equals mass times free-fall acceleration: Fg = mag.  We can now refine our definition of weight as mass x gravitational field strengthW = mag.
Term
why do all masses fall with the same acceleration on eath when you disregard air resistance/ friction.
Definition
The acceleration of objects in free fall on Earth’s surface is always the same confirms that the two types of masses are equal.  A More massive object receives a greater gravitational force, but the object resists acceleration by just that amount.  This is the reason ALL MASSES fall WITH THE SAME ACCELERATION ( disregarding air resistance of course).
Term
what causes satellites to stay in orbit around the earth
Definition
centripetal force
Term
what is the value of G
Definition
6.673x10^-11 N*m^2/kg^2
Term
what is G called
Definition
Constant of universal gravitation
Term
SI unit for force
Definition
Newton
Term
escape velocity for Earth
Definition
1.1x10^4 m/s
Term
ther is a ____ relationship between gravitational force and distance
Definition
inverse
Term
T/F newtons laws are accurate for objects moving near the speed of light
Definition
False
Term
As your distance from earths center increase does the value of g increase or decrease
Definition
decrease
Term
On the surface of any planet, the value of g (and your weight) will depend on TWO things…. What are they?
Definition
mass and distance from the center
Term
location of the aqueous humor
Definition
between cornea and the pupil
Term
name a function of tears besides keeping eye moist
Definition

provides oxygen exchange

prevents scattering

 

improves optical quality

Term
what causes glaucoma
Definition
increased fluid pressure in the eye
Term
two types of photoreceptors
Definition

rods

cones

Term

electrical impulses are relayed to the brain through the

 

Definition
optic nerve
Term
lens becomes yellow with age is called
Definition
cataracts
Term
where is the vitriuos humor located
Definition
between lens and retina
Term
what is vitriuos himor function
Definition

maintains eye shape

fills space between the lens and retina

Term
what causes the blind spot in the eye
Definition
no photo receptors at the location of the optic disk
Term
photoreceptors responsive to color and in bright conditions are
Definition
cones
Term
layer of tissue on the back portion of the eye that contains cells responsive to light
Definition
retina
Term
circular band of muscles that controls the size of the pupil
Definition
iris
Term
photoreceptors responsive in low light
Definition
rods
Term
contains photoreceptors for vision
Definition
retina
Term
the pigmentation of this part giver eye color
Definition
Iris
Term
outermost transparent layer of the eye
Definition
Cornea
Term
transmits information to the brain
Definition
optic nerve
Term
converts light rays into electrical impulses
Definition
Retina
Term
the ___ chamber is between the iris and the lens
Definition
posterior
Term
the ____ gets its nutrition from aqueous humor and tears
Definition
cornea
Term

pig kingdom? phylum? Subphylum?Class?Family?Genus?

 

Definition

animalia

chordata

vertebrata

mammalia

suidae

sus

Term
scientific name for pig
Definition
sus scrufa
Term
notochord
Definition
becomes the cartilage within the vertebral column
Term
dorsal hollow nerve chord
Definition
fluid filled nerve that transmits impulses and helps form the central nervous system
Term
pharyngeal gill slits
Definition
moves water through the pharynx
Term
post anal tail
Definition
the vestigial structure called the coccyx
Term
one of the few animals that retains all 4 characteristics during adulthood
Definition
lancelot of cephalochordata
Term
vertebrates share what four charecteristics
Definition

cephalization

metammerism

endoskeleton

paired limbs

Term
cephalization
Definition
defined by the gathering of ganglia, or nervous tissue in the anterior end (front/cranial).  In complex mammals, this tissue forms the brain
Term
smallest mammalia and largest mammalia
Definition

tiny shrew

blue whale

Term
carnivore
Definition
meat eaters
Term
herbivore
Definition
plant eaters
Term
omnivore
Definition
both meat and plant eater
Term
how many chambers does a mammal heart contain
Definition
4
Term
how many lobes does a human liver contain
Definition
4
Term
how many lobes does a pig liver contain
Definition
5
Term
humans are bipedal and pigs are ___
Definition
quadrupedal
Term
one sow can produce a liter of piglets that can range from
Definition
7 to 18
Term
pigs have been used to help humans find
Definition
truffles
Term
both males and females have nipples or____
Definition
mammalary papilae
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