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Definition
1. Multicellular embryo gets a head start at germination stage
2. Stored food for embryo also allows a head start and allows for extended dormancy
3. Larger and more complex than a spore, more resistant to harsh conditions
4. Increased capacity to develop disperal adaptions |
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| Disadvantages of the Seed |
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Definition
1. More energetically costly to produce
2. Trade quantity for quality |
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Definition
| White Pine, a gymnosperm; Has a winged seed |
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| How is alternation of generation thought to have evolved? |
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Definition
| By delayed meiosis; multicellular sporophyte creates more than 4 spores by meiosis |
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Definition
| Seeded, non-flowering clade; 4 Phylums are Cycads, Conifers, Ginkgos, and Gnetales |
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Definition
| heterospory and reduced, dependent gametophyte. The female gametophytes develops inside a spore which is retained in the sporophyte |
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| The three most important new adaptations to land found in the seed plants |
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Definition
1. Very small gametophytees that are nourished by and protected inside the parental sporophyte
2. Pollen grains, which provide protection and dispersal for the male gameophyte
3. The seed, which protects and disperses the new sporophyte embryo |
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| A seed represents three generations at once, how? |
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Definition
| The embryo is the daughgter sporophyte, the food supply or endospore is the mother gametophyte and the seed coat is the grandmother sporophyte[image] |
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Definition
| If a pollen grain lands in the vicinity of an ovule, it will elongate a tube and release one or more sperm into the female gametophyte. |
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Definition
1. Fertilization does not require water for sperm to swim through
2. Pollen disperses well, allowing mating over long distances |
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Definition
| First appeared in the Carboniferous (360mya). Archaeopteris is one. |
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Definition
| Gingko biloba is the surving species. It is tolerant of urgan pollution, but the seeds smell like vomit when they decompose. Ginkgos are also dioecious, so only females have this bad trait. Sperm is flagellated. Exist only as trees |
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Definition
| Cycads. Superfically resemble the palms(angiosperms). Only 130 species exist today, but it thrived during the Mesozoid. Many are insect-pollinated. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Epheda: 45 species; shrubs adapted to arib conditions; Photosynthetic stmes; reduced leaves
2. Gnetum: 35 species; Moist tropics; Wide leaves, vines and lianas; Unique female gametophyte; Medicinal
3. Welwitschia: one species; Extreme xerophyte(dry); Two leaves; Mostly below ground; Long Lived; extensive taproot |
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Term
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Definition
| Largely disjunct distributions; Mostly dioecious; vessels in xylem; double fertilization; evolutionarily derived traits; pollinated by wind and insects; important medicinales |
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Definition
Found all over americas, europe and asia, and n africa; Photosynthetic stems; stems resemble equisetum; leaves opposite of whorled, scale-like; double fertilization; presence of vessesl and tracheids in the xylem
Female and male cones |
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Definition
| Alkaloid; Used as decongestant, digestive aid and powerful metabolic stimulator; Controversial; Ma huang used in china, mormon tea made of ephedrin's stimulant effect; modern dietary supplements for weight loss(illegal) ; asthma, cold medications |
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Definition
| 30-40 species; moist tropics; Wide leaves; Netted venation in leaves; climbing vines, one tree, lianas; possible double fertilizaiton; unique female gametophyte development; embryo nourishing provision is post-fertilization |
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Definition
| "Cleanses your intestinal tract, boosts immunity and reduces allergies"; Harvested from bark; used for arthritis, cancer, diabetes in Peru |
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Definition
1. Ginkgo: parallel venation
2. Gnetum leaf: reticulate venation |
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Definition
| Flower-like reproductive structures |
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Definition
Mirabilis is the only species; xerophyte; extensive taproot; can live 1500+ years; One pair of leaves will last the entire life of the plant, but will split with exposure(continuous growth); pollination likedly by wing and by a beetles; cone with female flowers is quite large
Used by Desert Bushmen to locate water and as maps |
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Term
| The controversy with Gnetales |
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Definition
Have been assumed to be the closest living relatives to flowering plants becuase: 1. Double fertilizaiton 2. Reduced female gametophyte 3. Leaves with netted venation 5. cones superficially resemble flowers 6. xylem with vessels
However recent molecular phylogenetic analyses place Gnetales with other conifers. |
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Definition
| This groups includes pines, firs, spruces, larches, yews, junipers, cedars, cypresses and redwoods. Many are large trees. ~550 Species |
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Definition
| What most conifers are; Retain leaves throughout the year; this is thought to be an adaptation to a short growing session at higher latitudes, in winter they can photosynthesize during the few sunny days. In spring they don't need to grow new leaves and therefore have functioning leaves as soon as the first sunny days arrive |
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| Monterey Pines; Native in 3 spots along the california coast and two mexican islands. It is planted widely for lumber. Has become a problematic plant as well |
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| Often locally dominant species; Include some of the largest, oldest organisms on Earth; Evergreens with needles(adapted to conserve water to deal with short growing season); Wind-dispersed pollen; multi-year lifecycle |
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