Term
| What is the most widespread plant? |
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Definition
| Angiosperms; And the female gametophyte is reduce even further than in the gymnosperm |
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Term
| When did the first angiosperm appear? What co-evolved with them? |
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Definition
| 140 mya; Coevolution with animals, which helped pollination like herbivores, fruit eaters, and insects |
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Term
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Definition
| The most primitive angiosperm; It has moderate sized perfect flowers; Resembled a Magnolia; Parts are spirally arranged; No fusion of parts; Little differentiation; |
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Term
| How many species are there of Angiosperms? |
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Definition
| ~250,000 known species; only 720 gymnosperm species |
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Term
| What is a flower and what are it's parts? |
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Definition
| A flower is a specialized shoot with modified leaves; 1. Sepals 2. Petals 3. Stamens 4. Carpels |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce ovules; Includes the Ovary, Stigma and Style; Female parts; Produces the megaspores; All carpels together are called the pistil or gynoecium |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce pollen; Includes the Filament and Anther; Male parts; Produces the microspores, which develops into the pollen grains; all stamens = androecium |
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Term
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Definition
| Brightly colored and attract pollinators; All petals together = corolla |
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Term
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Definition
| Enclose the flower; Protects flower before it opens; all sepals together = calyx |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically consist of a mature ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| Angiosperms has Tracheids, Vessel Elements, and Fiver Cells, but Gymnosperms only have tracheids in their xylem tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| In xylem tissue; Functions are support and water transport; Conduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized for water transport; Xylem tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Xylem tissue; Specialized for support |
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Term
| Which tissues in the angiosperm seeds are triploid and/or diploid? |
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Definition
| The embryo(from fertilized egg) and the seed coat(from ovule wall) are both diploid. The food supply/endosperm(from polar nuclei and second sperm) is triploid. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why do angiosperms double fertilize? |
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Definition
| Double fertilization causes the seed's food supply to be made at the same time as fertilization, so energy isn't wasted on a dead end egg's endosperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Example: Trillium; Contains all four floral organs(sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacks Petals; Example: Grasses(wind pollinated) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bisexual flowers; Have both stamens and carpals; Example: Lily |
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Term
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Definition
| Both sexes of flowers are found on a single plant; Different from perfect flower because it implies on same plant not on same flower |
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Term
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Definition
| Stamen flowers and carpel flowers on different plants |
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Term
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Definition
| flower clusters; Several flowers in one; The whole thing is attached to a peduncle; individual flowers in an inflorescence grow on pedicals |
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Term
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Definition
1. Superior: hypogynous
2. Inferior: epigynous
3. Semi-inferior: perigynous |
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Term
| Disc Flowers vs. Ray Flowers |
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Definition
| Pyrethrum, composite flower(special kind of inflorescence) |
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Term
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Definition
| Monophyletic; Parallel veins in leaves, single cotyledon; fibrous root system, floral parts in multiples of three and complexly arranged vascular bundles |
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Term
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Definition
| Polyphyletic; Net-like venation, two cotyledons, taproot system, floral parts in multiples of four or five and vascular buncles arranged in a ring in stem |
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Term
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Definition
1. Whorled: Parts in a circle on a single plant
2. Spiral: Parts spiral around floral axis or receptacle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Several flowers in one; special inflorescence |
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Term
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Definition
1. Microsporogenesis
2. Microgametogenesis
3. Megasporogenesis
4. Megagametogenesis
5. Fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
1. Dehiscence of anther
2. Pollen grain lands on stigma and takes up water
3. Pollen grain swells and germinates(start to grow pollen tube)
4. Generative cell divides into 2 sperm
5. Mature male gametophyte(tube cell+2 sperm)
6. Tube enters micropyle; 1 sperm penetrates one of the synergids
7. One sperm enters egg cell and the other enters the polar nuclei
8. Tube nucleus and others disintegrate
9. Endosperm, Integuments, zygote, fruit |
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Term
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Definition
Within pollen sacs in anther; heterosporous; microsporocytes(2N) to meiosis to tetrade to microspores (1N/pollen grains)
formation of microspores and production of the male gametophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
Within the anther; microspore divides mitotically and become the immature male gametophyte (multinucleate pollen grain); One cell becomes tube cell/vegetative cell and the other becomes the generative cell/sperm
The formation of male gametes (sperm) through mitosis. |
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Term
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Definition
Megasporangium inside the ovule; Megasporocyte(2N)to meiosis to 4 megaspore(3 disintegrate); the one left becomes the megagametophyte
Megasporogenesis starts with the enlargement of one cell within a diploid ovule. The term Nucellus is used to identify the diploid tissue within which the Megasporocyte develops. This term means the cell which forms a megagametophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclei divides mitotically and cell wall forms around it; the polar nuclei becomes endosperm after fertilization; sperms travel to both polar nuclei(3N) and egg cell(2N) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Potential disadvantages of sex |
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Definition
1. Only half the population can produce offpsring
2. Sexual structures are costly
3. Pollination can be difficult
4. Sex can break up successful genotypes |
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Term
| How to reproduce without sex |
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Definition
1. Self-pollination or "selfing"
2. Asexual reproduction or cloning |
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Term
| How to avoid self-pollination |
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Definition
1. Being dioecious
2. If monoecious have female and male flowers physically or temporally separated
3. Dichogamy: stamen and carpel mature at different times on same flower
4. The carpel and stamen are separated
5. Genetic self-incompatibility; self-sterility genes |
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Term
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Definition
-Advantageous where few animal pollinators or newly-colonized habitat
-Common at higher latitudes, higher elevations, open habitats, low humidity and low rainfall
-Flowers have feathery stigmas and long stamens
-Flowers lack nectar, fragrance, and petals
-Usually unisexual flowers
-Grasses and trees mostly |
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Term
| Biotic/Animal Pollination |
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Definition
-Reliable pollinators
-Common in most habitats
-Flower has simple stigmas and variable stamens
-Pollen grain less abundant, variable in size and elaborate ornamentation
-Flowers are fragrant, have nectar and showy
-Bisexual Flowers |
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Term
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Definition
-Some flowering plant species have evolved specific morphologies that attract certain kinds of animal pollinators
-Generalists vs Specialists |
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Term
| Pollinator-specific flower morphologies |
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Definition
1. Hummingbirds: Red, odorless with long corolla tube and copious nectar
2. Moth/Bats: White, strong sweet odor emitted only at night
3. Bee: Brightly colored yellow or blue petals with distinct markings; landing platform
4. Fly: dark, red-brown color with foul odor(like rotting flesh) |
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Term
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Definition
| Many have evolved very specific pollination relationships with bees; Some mimic the body and the pheromones of female bees to attract the males as pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
-Exocarp: Outermost "skin"
-Mesocarp: In the middle
-Endocarp: Innermost layer, closest to the seed |
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Term
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Definition
-Dry fruits can be adapted to air or water dispersal, animla dispersal or to release the seeds at maturity
-Fleshy fruits or seeds are adapted to animal dispersal |
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Term
| Classification or Fleshy Fruits |
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Definition
-One carpel
-Many carpels/One flower
-Many flowers |
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Term
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Definition
-Develops from flower withinferior ovary and compound pistil
-Receptable/floral tube becomes major fleshy part of the fruit |
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Term
| Indehiscent vs Dehiscent Fruit |
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Definition
-Both are dry fruits
-Indehiscent fruit split at maturity
-Dehiscent fruit do not split open at maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| Fleshy attactments which attract ants |
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Term
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Definition
-Many seeds exhibit dormancy for decades
-Dormancy in some seeds is simply broken by favorable environmental cues, but others needs specific cues |
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Term
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Definition
1. Imbibition of water
2. Enzyme digestion of stored food
3. embryo begins growth and radicle is pushed through the seed coat
4. Shoot tip grows toward soil surface |
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Term
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Definition
-Ovule becomes the seed; inside the ovary
-Ovary becomes the simple fruit; base of carpal; larger structure |
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