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Botany
Exam 1
93
Biology
Undergraduate 2
01/27/2009

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Term
carbohydrate
Definition
sugar chain
Term
lipid
Definition
fatty acid
Term
what are proteins made of?
Definition
amino acids
Term
what is the primary energy storage in plants?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
common monosaccharides
Definition
ribose, glucose, fructose
Term
glucose vs sucrose
Definition
sucrose is transport sugar in plants
glucose is transport sugar in animals
Term
fructans
Definition
water soluble principle storage in leaves and stems of grains
Term
How do plants use polysaccharides?
Definition
They hydrolize them into mono and disaccharides to ship them off to use as E
Term
Chitin
Definition
structural polysaccharide and in fungal cell wall
Term
two main cell types made of alpha glucose
Definition
starch and glycogen
Term
what is suberin lamellae made of?
Definition
wax and suberin layers
Term
what are lipids usually used for?
Definition
storage
Term
saturated v unsaturated
Definition
sat: no dub bonds
un: dub bonds
Term
what kind of wax covers the cuticle
Definition
epicuticular
Term
what do steroids do in plants
Definition
stabalize cell mem and work as hormones
Term
what do proteins make up in living dry weight?
Definition
50%
Term
what do proteins make up in living dry weight?
Definition
50%
Term
enzymes
Definition
large globular proteins that act as catalysts
Term
what is ATP made of?
Definition
adenine and three phosphates
Term
primary metabolites
Definition
molecules found in all plant cells that are necessary for life
Term
secodary metabolites: 3 main groups
Definition
alkaloids
terpenoids
phenolics
Term
alkaloids
Definition
cocaine, nicotine, opium, henabane, caffeine
Term
terpenoids
Definition
oils and mints
rubber tree--->latex
isoprene: blue haze
cardiac glycosides
Term
phenolics
Definition
tannin: vacuoles, waste
lignin: cork. lignification. cell wall
flavenoids: anthocyanin-blue colors
grape juice, wine...good for heart
Term
two groups of prockaryotes
Definition
bacteria and archea
Term
aka cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
cyclosis
Term
nucleoplasm
Definition
gel in the nucleus
Term
group of ribosomes on nuclear mem
Definition
polysome
Term
chloroplast
Definition
thylakoid mem, thylakoid granum, stroma thylakoid, stroma
Term
types of plastids
Definition
etioplast: no light--with prolamellar bodies
leukoplast: amyloplast, make oil and protein
protoplast: plastid precursor
Term
in what type of cell would you be most likely to see many proplastids?
Definition
dividing cells and meristems
Term
how do plastids reproduce
Definition
fission
Term
what does the mitochondria do?
Definition
convert ATP into chemical E
Term
peroxisome
Definition
sphere with one mem that self replicates.
Term
three types of perozxisomes
Definition
1. ones with huge crystals
2. ones for photorespiration
3. glyoxysomes convert fat to sucrose in seeds
Term
vacuole mem
Definition
tonoplast
Term
where does the tonoplast come from
Definition
goli app or er
Term
what do calcium oxylate crystals do?
Definition
raphides and druses
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
basically the fact that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were probably engulfed by the larger cells that they now are apart of
Term
microbodies
Definition
peroxisome, glycosomes, glyoxysomes
Term
lumen
Definition
empty space with in an organelle
Term
structure of the cell wall
Definition
b-glucose>micelles>microfibrils>macro..

microtubules line the inside of the MEMEBRANE and create rosettes that produce the macrofibrils

hemicellulose and pectin hold it all together
Term
what makes calcium bridges?
Definition
pectin
Term
difference between amylose and amylopectin
Definition
amylose is unbranched starch
amylopectin is branched
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
structural protein found in cell wall
Term
what type of secondary metabolite is lignin and where is it deposited in the cell?
Definition
phenolic
cell wall
Term
2 types of schlerenchyma
Definition
fiber and sclerieds
Term
lubricant that the root cap sluffs
Definition
mucigel
Term
columella
Definition
layer of root cells that have amyloplasts and respond to gravity
Term
promeristem
Definition
the very tip of the shoot apex where the cells have not differentiated
Term
closed/open type of apical organization
Definition
closed: each cell strain has own initials/derivative
open: everything arises fromt the same initials.
Term
primary root is called
Definition
taproot
Term
two main functions of the root
Definition
absorption and anchorage
Term
quiescent center
Definition
area behind the apical meristem that doesn't really divide it organizes cells
Term
three layers of root growth
Definition
region of cell division
region of elongation
region of maturation
Term
three types of meristematic tissue
Definition
protoderm, endoderm and ground tissue
Term
is epidermis water resistant?
Definition
no, you fucking idiot. plants love their goddamn water!
Term
what is the layer of soil next to the roots?
Definition
rhizosphere
Term
what are microtubules?
Definition
thick proteneous tubes made of alpha and beta tubulin
Term
actin filiment
Definition
for locomotion. made of two strands of actin molecule
Term
cortical filaments
Definition
microtubules that lie underneath the membrane and attach to rosettes and direct the synthesis of the cell wall components
Term
phagodetterent
Definition
something plants produce so herbavores don't want to eat them
Term
photoautotroph
Definition
organism that makes its own food from light energy
Term
chemoautotroph
Definition
organism that makes its own food from chemical energy
Term
casparian strips
Definition
band between in the primary wall/middle lamella to keep h20 out
Term
how does water move through vascular tissue?
Definition
symplastically
Term
trachery elements
Definition
trachieds
vessel elements (have perforations)
Term
what has trachery elements (xylem or phloem?)
Definition
xylem
Term
what are the components of the phloem?
Definition
sieve elements
1. sieve cells (gymnosperms)
2. sieve tube elements (angiosperms)
Term
where and what is callose?
Definition
its a polysaccharide found in phloem and protects against cuts
Term
where and what is p-slime?
Definition
phloem. It is made protein. Protects against cuts like callose
Term
what types of cells have huge secondary walls?
Definition
sclerieds (the little stones in pears)
Term
what do amyloplasts hold?
Definition
starch
Term
prolamellar bodies are?
Definition
semi-crystaline structures that occur in some plastids. (peroxiomes)
Term
etioplasts
Definition
plastids grown in the dark
Term
what is the other name for the golgi app.?
Definition
dictyosome
Term
what are the components of the chloroplast?
Definition
stroma, thylakoid membrane (in grana or in stroma)
Term
desmotubules
Definition
continuation of the ER that connects cells
Term
plasmodesmota
Definition
actual "hole" in the cell wall that acts as a channel between cells
Term
cytoplasmic sleeve
Definition
area of free flowing cytoplasm between the desmotubule and plasmodesmota
Term
what types of molecule use beta glucose?
Definition
fiber, cellulose
Term
types of meristematic divisions and what cells do them
Definition
anticlinal: sheild like (epidermis L1)
periclinal: up and down (ground tissue L3)
Term
what is sucrose?
Definition
fructose+glucose
Term
albuminous/companion cells
Definition
work with the phloem
albuminous:seive cells
companion: seive tube elements
Term
which side of the golgi apparatus is the trans side?
Definition
the one facing the cell membrane
Term
calcium oxylate is found in what?
Definition
raphides and druses and sometimes peroxisomes
Term
extensin
Definition
protein found in the cell wall to give support and help growth
Term
intercallary meristem
Definition
between vascular bundles
Term
what causes secondary growth?
Definition
vascular cambium
Term
layers of epidermis (starting outside and moving inwards)
Definition
epidermis
periderm which consists of:
--cork/phellem
--cork cambium/pheelogen
--phelloderm
Term
what are aerenchyma cells for
Definition
holding oxygen
Term
lectins
Definition
proteins in the cellular membrane that bind well to specific carbs
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death
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