Term
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Definition
| resource dealing with specifics. Science of how plants interact. Higher concentration of Rubisco,chlorophyll. |
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Term
| what are non-scientific ways of knowing things? |
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Definition
| Scientific Method, observation, faith, aesthetic way. democractic vote. |
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Term
| What are the 3 different experiment types? |
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Definition
| Manipulative, Natural, Observational. |
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Term
| What are the limitations on Manipulative Experiments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a side effect outcomes that are not a result of the experimental manipulation. |
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Term
| What are the limitations on Observational Experiments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the limits on Natural Experiments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is wrong with the Poppylarian approach? |
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Definition
| It ignores accumulation of data over time, Controversy is important. |
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Term
| How do scientists deal with ecological studies varying between each other? |
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Definition
- looking at the results to see if they mean the same thing.
- synthesizing results to make a meta-analysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the kind of environment that an organism usually lives in. |
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Term
| abiotic and biotic are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| conditions in the immediate surroundings of a an individual plant [or organism] |
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Term
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Definition
| study of simple species in isolation |
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Term
| what is the plight of a plant? |
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Definition
| Getting energy and materials |
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Term
| What do light reactions generate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Carbon fixation reactions use? |
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Definition
| NADPH and ATP used to fix Carbon |
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Term
| Define Functional Ecology |
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Definition
| how the biochemistry and physiology of individual plants determines their responses to their environments. |
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Term
| Define physiological ecology |
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Definition
| focuses on physiological mechanisms underlying whole-plant responses to the environment. |
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Term
| where does photosynthesis occur in a plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the total Carbon accumulated by the plant depend upon? |
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Definition
| leaf area, total leaf area of the plant, length of time leaves live for |
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Term
| What are the three photosynthetic pathways? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
part of C3 photosynthesis.
CO2 enters stomata, Rubisco catalyzes CO2 and RuBP which makes two, 3 C molecules of 3 PGA. Fructose and Glucose are formed. |
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Term
| Describe C3 photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Calvin Cycle takes place. |
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Term
| What are the two types of reactions that Rubisco can catalyze? |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis, and PhotoRespiration |
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Term
| what is PhotoRespiration? |
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Definition
| Oxygen is taken up instead of CO2, by the plant. (favored at higher temps) |
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Term
| When do C3 plants have higher photosynthetic rates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe C4 photosythesis |
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Definition
| CO2 from atm captured using PEP, forms a 4C acid,OAA. CO2 removed from acid, CO2 used via Calvin Cycle. |
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Term
| What are the 3 different types of C4 photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are C4 leaves shaped? Where do the C4 and C3 reactions take place? |
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Definition
| Kranz anatomy (wreath). Mesophyll. Bundle sheath cells. |
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Term
| C4 plants have what in comparison to C3 ? |
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Definition
| higher max rate of photosynthesis. higher temperature optimum, don't become light saturated even in full sunlight because CO2 uptake not limited by Rubisco. higher Nitrogen Use Effeciancy. water use efficiency. |
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Term
| what is the cost of C4 photosythesis? |
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Definition
| Energy in the form of ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| open stomata at night. CO2 captured by PEP carboxylase. organic acids accumulate. during day stomata close. Acids decarboxylazed, CO2 for carbon cycle. |
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Term
| CAM plants differ from C4 and C3 plants how? |
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Definition
| stronger structure to support vacuoles, slower C accumulation,higher H2O use efficiancy. |
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Term
| Where does PEP carboxylase come from? |
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Definition
| glycolysis. (all organisms with mitochondria) |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that rely for support on other plants, generally living on trees, but depend on minerals deposited from the ATM. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sun leaves and shade leaves differ how? |
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Definition
| smaller leaf area, thicker structure. sun-higher stroma density. smaller leaf area. less chlorophyll. more water. |
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Term
| How do bryophytes differ from ohter land plants? |
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Definition
-water moves by diffusion.
-no specialized water transport organs.
-haploid gametophyte reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of a plant to take up water. |
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Term
| Osmotic Potential Formula |
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Definition
| φ = φop + φpp + φmp + φgp |
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Term
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Definition
| % solutes dissolved in water |
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Term
| Define Pressure Potential |
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Definition
| hydrostatic or pneumatic pressure in the system. (cell water, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Osmotic Pressure negative? |
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Definition
| solutes reduce the capacity of water to do work |
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Term
| What are some adaptations to water "stress"? |
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Definition
| xerophytes, stomatal crypts, stomatal responsiveness, amphistomatous leaves, sclerophyllus leaves, long fibrous root systems, taproots, arial roots |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stomata recessed into leaves so that the water must travel further to reach them. Increases resistance to water loss |
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Term
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Definition
| have stomata on both sides of leaves |
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Term
| define sclerophyllus leaves |
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Definition
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Term
| why are fibrous root systems advantagous? |
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Definition
| form a dense network, can reach out out far into the soil to get water and nutrients. (monocot) |
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Term
| Can plants control their temperature? |
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Definition
| Yes on a small scale, by controlling their transpiration rates. Leaf movements. reflectances. growth environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of ave. kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. |
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Term
| Radiant energy is exchanged by what organisms? |
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Definition
| Everything. photons exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| heat emitting efficiency of an object. reflects all energy = perfect black body. |
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Term
| what plants generate heat? |
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Definition
| Skunk cabbage, alpine flowers |
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Term
| why can't leave store much heat? |
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Definition
| They're usually too small |
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Term
| What is the energy budget formula? |
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Definition
Rn - H - (lambda)E = 0
Radiant heat into leaf
H - conduction plus convection loss
latent heat loss |
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Term
| What are some adaptations for regulating temperature? |
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Definition
| Pubescence, Leaf Angles, Waxy coatings, Reflective Spines, Cold air temp, frost tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| Mineral particles from rock consisting of sand silt and clay, along with organic matter, and other minerals, organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| physical arrangement of particles into larger aggregates or peds. |
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Term
| what are characteristics of clay particles? |
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Definition
| large surface area, - charged ions, minerals bound between layers, leaching removes cations making them unavailable to plants. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of soil PH? |
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Definition
| - varies from 3.5 (pine NJ) to 10 (grasslands S US), crops grow best in slightly acidic, effects cation availability, extremely acidic soils easily leeched. |
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Term
| What ions contribute to soil acidity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name the plant Macronutrients |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is percent base saturation high? Why |
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Definition
| arid reasons. no leaching of cations |
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Term
| What is Nitrogen Fixation and who does it? |
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Definition
conversion of N2 gas to NH3
legumes, ceanosis, lotus scoparius |
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Term
| How does N fixation occur in plants? |
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Definition
Symbiosis with bacteria in nodules
free living cyanobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| second most limiting nutrient. no atm pool. parent material decomp. |
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Term
| What is Nutrient use efficiency? |
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Definition
| ratio of photosynthetic productivity to the concentration of a nutrient. |
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Term
| Photosynthetic leaf nitrogen use formula |
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Definition
| NUE leaf = Amass to N concentration) |
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Term
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Definition
| NUE plant - g biomass (dry)/unit N |
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Term
| What characteristics are there for plants with long MRTs |
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Definition
| nutrient conserving, evergreen, greater tissue life span, specific leaf mass, nutrient resorbtion effeciency. |
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Term
| do evergreens or deciduous plants grow in nutrient poor soils? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of Micorrhiza? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three groups of Ectomycorrhizae? |
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Definition
| arbuscular, ericoid, and orchidaceous. |
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Term
| How are Micorrhizae important to plants P absorbtion? |
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Definition
| increase root surface area, acidify soil, transport ions. |
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Term
| Define Plant population dynamics |
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Definition
| tracking the changes in numbers, composition, and spatial dispersion. |
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Term
| what 2 factors influence population change? |
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Definition
| Density dependent and density independent factors |
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Term
| Formula for the change in population size |
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Definition
| N(t+1) = Nt + Bt -Dt + Ie + Et |
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Term
What is a Genet?
a Ramnet? |
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Definition
new distinct gene type.
individuals that are physiologically distinct by not necessarily a genet. |
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Term
| What is a stage of a plant? |
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Definition
| seeds, non-reproductive individuals, size of plants, age. Life stages |
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Term
| what is a structure of a plant? |
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Definition
| relative frequency of stage. Stage must be defined. |
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Term
| why are sizes of plants more useful than stages? |
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Definition
plants can change stage. (ex - seedlings after a fire that burnt the larger plant down to nothing.)
small trees can be old. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the connection between evolution and ecology? |
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Definition
v<------------------>v
Ecology Evolution
^<----------------->^
Physiology |
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Term
| How do we test for Adaptation>? |
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Definition
| all hypothesis must be tested |
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Term
| What is the problem with Just So Stories? |
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Definition
| other processes may be responsible for traits. adaptations occured long ago. genetic drift and nuetral mutation occur |
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Term
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Definition
| differential reproductive success due to heritable traits. this is the antithesis of chance! |
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Term
| why is variation important? |
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Definition
| without variation, evolution would not continue |
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Term
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Definition
| physical morphology of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic information, DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
same genetic individual may end up with different phenotypes if their environment is changed.
Individuals with the same genotype grow up in the same environment may turn out completely different than one another |
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Term
| What are the 3 conditions (things needed) for Evolution? |
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Definition
Phenotypic Variation
Heritable phenotypes
fitness differences |
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Term
| Name the Fitness Differences |
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Definition
Fecundity
Fertility
Survivorship |
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Term
| What are the two parts to Evolution? |
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Definition
Phenotypic Selection
Genetic response |
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Term
| Define Specialization in plants |
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Definition
| plants become adapted to certain environment |
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Term
| Define Intermediate Phenotype |
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Definition
| persists through time, not specialized |
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Term
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Definition
plants adapt to live in a local environment.
ex - plants tolerate heavy metals in mine tailings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Range of environmental conditions where plants can grow. |
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Term
| What are the two niche types related to patterns of adaptation? |
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Definition
Fundamental - where a plant could grow
Realized - where a plant does grow |
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Term
| What are processes that increase genetic variation? |
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Definition
Hybridization
Polyplody
subfunctionalization |
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Term
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Definition
| it amplifies genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| whole genetic duplication |
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Term
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Definition
| original is preserved, copy is specialized. |
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Term
| Name 3 processes that decrease variation in a population. |
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Definition
genetic drift
specialization
Environmental variability |
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Term
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Definition
| populations of a species from different habitats or locations that posesses genetically based differences in appearance and function. |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive isolation, no gene flow across species |
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Term
| Name the three types of Speciation |
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Definition
alaptric
synpatric
Parapatric |
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Term
| Define Alptric speciation |
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Definition
| populations in 2 seperate geographic places, isolated. [animals] |
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Term
| Define Synpatric speciation |
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Definition
| speciation w/in the same geographic area. plants |
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Term
| Define Parapatric Speciation |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| species as a group of actually or potentially interbreeding organims that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| the entire set of chromosomes is duplicated. Results in two or more copies of the genome in each cell. |
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Term
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Definition
polyploidy resulting from the union of gametes from individuals of different species.
ex - Mule and a Horse = donkey |
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Term
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Definition
| Polyploidy resulting from the gametes of two same species organisms. |
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Term
| What is the Triploid Bridge? |
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Definition
| Triploid gamete is formed, then it forms either a diploid or haploid |
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Term
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Definition
| new genetic combinations created. liger, human chimp hybrid. Helianthus and Brassica |
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