Term
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Definition
-in mustard family
-important agricultural plant
-selective breeding a.k.a. artificial selection |
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Term
| Cole Crops and Artificial Selection |
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Definition
-kale: leaves
-brussels sprouts: lateral buds
-broccoli: stems and flower buds
-kohlrabi: stem
-cabbage: SAM (shoot apical meristem)
-cauliflower: flower clusters |
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Term
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Definition
-selective breeding by humans
-to favor one trait over another |
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Term
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Definition
-selective force behind the evolution of many wild plants
-environment acts as selective force to remove organisms/traits that aren't suited to ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
-any trait that an organism has derived to help them meet the demands of a particular environment
-morphological, physiological, and sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| -scientific study of biological diversity and evolutionary history |
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Term
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Definition
-important part of systematics
-naming, identification, and classification of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| -Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus wanted to classify all plants, animals, and rocks |
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Term
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Definition
-"kinds of plants"
-each plant given a polynomial |
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Term
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Definition
-2 names
-Genus species
-should be written in italics, or underlined
-1st letter of Genus should be capitalized, and 1st letter of species should be lowercase |
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Term
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Definition
-means biannual
-it takes 2 seasons to flower |
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Term
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Definition
-if a species has been placed in the wrong genus
-species name can be moved to another genus
-change species name if that name is already in that genus
-your name always sticks with species name |
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Term
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Definition
| -flat and dried plant specimen |
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Term
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Definition
| -1 specimen to which all other plants of that species must be judged by |
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Term
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Definition
-in language of country of origin
-they change, but latin names don't |
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Term
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Definition
| -ability to reproduce and maintain same species |
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Term
| Biological Species Concept |
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Definition
-that species means: group of natural populations whose members can interbreed with 1 another, but cannot interbreed with other such groups
-impossible for us to track breeding history of all species at all times |
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Term
| Morphological Species Concept |
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Definition
| -species designated by assigned morphological characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| -study of the evolutionary history of an organism |
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Term
| Dendrogram/Phylogenetic Tree |
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Definition
-takes the form of a branching tree
-displays species/genera/families etc. and how they're related to other groups through hypothetical common ancestors
-should be made up of monophyletic groups |
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Term
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Definition
-ancestor and all descendants
-Kingdom Plantae
-tracheophytes and spermatophytes |
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Term
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Definition
| -plants with vascular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-group that contains ancestors but not all descendants
-gymnosperms |
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Term
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Definition
-group that contains descendants from multiple ancestors
-just groups with pinnately compound leaves |
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Term
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Definition
-he grouped things into plants, animals, and minerals
-living things were either plants or animals |
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Term
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Definition
-living things
-non-moving that could live indefinitely
-includes plants, fungi, and bacteria |
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Term
| Recent Advances in Microscopy |
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Definition
-allows us to study cell structure
-Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
| -nuclear envelope, organelles, and multiple, linear chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| -eukaryotic, mulitcellular, and absorbers |
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Term
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Definition
-eukaryotic, unicellular/multicellular/colonial, and photosynthesisers
-paraphyletic group: ancestors, but not all descendants of ancestors
-many members share common ancestors with plants
-algae |
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Term
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Definition
| -eukaryotic, multicellular, and photosynthesisers |
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Term
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Definition
| -eukaryotic, multicellular, and ingestors |
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Term
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Definition
-during cell division, daughters have some genetic profile as parents
-2n=diploid
-ploidy level |
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Term
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Definition
-2n to n
-n=haploid
-gametes=sperm or eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| -animals and some protists' life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| -fungi and some protists' life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-decomposers: fingi and bacteria are principle decomposers in biosphere
-release nutrients in tissues back into environment
-may be plant pathogens or may cause disease in humans |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -used for production of cyclosporine and helps transplant patient receive foreign tissues |
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Term
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Definition
-hypha: one
-hyphae: multiple
-mycelium: filaments packed together |
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Term
| Asexual Reproduction in Fungal Filaments |
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Definition
-may occur through fragmentation
-through spore production |
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Term
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Definition
-single cell (n) produced by tissue
-may be wind-dispersed
-can produce a copy of the organism that produced them |
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Term
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Definition
| -chamber that produces spores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-molds, like bread molds
-entirely filamentous
-some form symbiotic relationships with plants
-asexual reproduction: fragmentation or through spore production |
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Term
| Sexual Reproduction in Fungi |
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Definition
-3 phases: plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis
-fungal filaments are haploid (n)
-no gender in fungi
-(+) and (-) strains |
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Term
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Definition
-fusion of cells of 2 strains
-dikaryotic cell formed (2 nuclei)
-may last for long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
-fusion of (+) and (-) nuclei
-diploid nucleus established
-zygote |
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Term
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Definition
-produces haploid spores
-can grow into filaments |
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Term
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Definition
-common bread mold
-n spores can grow into filaments |
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Term
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Definition
-many are plant pathogens
-green or blue molds on food
-unicellular or filamentous
-asexual reproduction: fragmentation, and produce conidiospores
-produce dikaryotic cells (n+n) that grow together to form ascoma
-ascospores produced |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -chains of spores produced at end of filament |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-fertile layer of ascoma
-karyogamy occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -fleshy fruiting body of Basiodiomycota |
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Term
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Definition
| -cells in which karyogamy occurs |
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Term
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Definition
-mushrooms: edible basidiomas
-toadstools: poisonous basidiomas |
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Term
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Definition
| -mushrooms: shelf mushrooms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-plant pathogens
-rusts because of color |
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Term
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Definition
-plant pathogens
-"smuts": Ustilago maydis |
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Term
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Definition
-yeast
-phylum ascomycota
-asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
-polyphyletic group
-in phylum ascomycota
-only asexual state known
-ex: Penicillium |
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Term
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Definition
-lichen
-endomycorrhizal fungi
-ectomycorrhizal fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| -symbiotic relationship between a fungus (ascomycota) and a photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| -grow around and inside plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -scientist who studies algae |
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Term
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Definition
-ranges in size from giant kelp to unicellular organisms
-plankton and photoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
-single-celled organisms that float in water
-bottom of food web in aquatic environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-dried for nori production
-for sushi
-very rigid cell walls and slick, gelatinous matrix secreted by cell walls in Phylum Rhodophyta |
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Term
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Definition
-polysaccharides extracted from algae
-used as thickening agents |
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Term
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Definition
| -used to culture bacteria |
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Term
| Important for Global Carbon Cycle |
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Definition
-algae is primary producer
-algae for bioremediation |
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Term
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Definition
-considered a Dinoflagellate
-possess 2 flagella and theca
-have important symbiotic relationships
-live inside coral polyps
-cause Red Tides |
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Term
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Definition
| -stiff plates made of cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by death/evacuation of dinoflagellates from coral
-leads to death of coral
-correlated to rises in the ocean temp |
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Term
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Definition
-"bloom" of dinoflagellants
-may provide noxious chemicals
-may lead to "fish kills" |
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Term
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Definition
-water molds
-previously thought to be a fungus
-cell walls of cellulose
-filamentous growth form resembles fungi
-Oogamus sexual reproduction: lg immobile gamete and sm mobile gamete
-Plasmopara viticola and Pythophthora infestans |
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Term
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Definition
-plant pathogen
-vitis: grapes
-causes downy mildew in grapes
-accidentally introduced into France in 1870's from U.S.A.
-tourists would pick grapes
-copper sulfate was applied to grapes |
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Term
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Definition
-native to Americas
-accidentally introduces to Ireland in 1840's
-potato is native to S America |
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Term
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Definition
-diatoms
-unicellular or colonial algae
-cell walls made from silica
-frustules
-Diatomaceous Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| -important component of phytoplankton |
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Term
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Definition
-brittle plates made of silica (x2)
-reproduce asexually through mitosis
-release frustules separate and then forms new ones
-keeps getting sm.er and sm.er to produce sperm/egg |
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Term
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Definition
| -made up of diatom frustules |
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Term
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Definition
-brown algae and seaweed
-almost entirely marine/live in saltwater environment
-some grow attached to substrate
-laminaria, fucus, sargassum, and pseudoparenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-look and fxn like parenchyma
-pores connect cells
-chlorophyll a and c
-fucoxanthin gives brown algae their color |
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Term
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Definition
-red algae
-phycobilins provide the red color
-porphyra |
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Term
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Definition
-green algae
-17,000 species in phylum
-most aquatic: freshwater
-some terrestrial: grow on snow, grow on plants, and in lichen
-pigments: carotenoids present, chlorophyll a and b
-also stores starch
-other similarities with plants: structure of flagella, and most green algae produce cellulose in cell walls
-3 main classes: Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Charaphyceae |
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Term
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Definition
| -4 genus: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Hydrodictyon, and Oedognium |
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Term
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Definition
-unicellular
-2 equal flagella
-chloroplast with eye spot
-pyrenoid
-zygotic meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
-region of starch formation
-freshwater
-mobile "zoospores" produced for sexual reproduction
-gametes and isogamous, which are both gametes sm and mobile |
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Term
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Definition
-zygote: only 2n cell
-happens in genus Chlamydomonas |
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Term
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Definition
-colonial green algae
-500 to 600,000 cells connected together in sphere
-new and sm.er colony produced inside lg colony
-mobile colony |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -filamentous (cells distributed end to end) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-sea lettuce
-marine green algae
-flat sheet of green cells that're 2 cells thick
-alteration of generations is the life cycle in plants
-alteration of isomorphic generations is identical morphology
-sporophyte, sporangium, gametophytes, and gametangia |
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Term
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Definition
| -regions that produce haploid spores through meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| -chamber where spores are produced |
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Term
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Definition
-haploid
-produces gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| -chambers where gametes are produced |
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Term
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Definition
-members of this class most closely resemble plants: break-down of nuclear envelope during meiosis and similar pigments
-4 genus: Spirogyra, Desmids, Order Coleochaetales, and Order Charales |
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Term
| Phytochrome and Flavonoids |
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Definition
| -help plant sense and react to different types of light |
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Term
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Definition
-filamentous
-no cells with flagella
-conjugation tubes grow between 2 filaments
-sporopollenin |
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Term
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Definition
-molecule that encases zygotes
-also makes up wall of pollen in flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
-single-celled
-look like 2 cells
-2 "semi-cells"
-reproduce in similar manner as spirogyra |
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Term
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Definition
| -1 order of charopyceae most closely related to plants |
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Term
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Definition
-1 order of charopyceae most closely related to plants
-genus: Chara |
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Term
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Definition
-known as stone worts/plant
-contains a lot of calcium in cells
-good fossil record
-gametangia called antheridium and ooganium |
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Term
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Definition
-A: where sperm is produced
-O: where egg is produced |
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Term
| Trends in Plant Evolution |
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Definition
-adaptations to survive in non-aquatic environment: cuticle and vascular tissue
-primitive plants (mosses and ferns) require water for reproduction: Bryophytes |
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Term
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Definition
-most primitive plants
-transitional between green algae and other land plants
-paraphyletic group
-sm plants
-in wet habitats
-3 phylum: Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, and Bryophyta |
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Term
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Definition
-liverworts
-sexual reproduction: cycles through haploid and diploid stages, gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle
-following fusion of the sperm and egg, a diploid zygote remains within archaegonium
-asexual reproduction: Gemma Cups |
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Term
| Archaegoniaphore and Antheridiophore |
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Definition
-structure that holds archaegonia, which contains the egg
-structure where antheridia are produced, and where sperm is produced |
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Term
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Definition
-contain Gemma, which are sections of hametophyte
-part of asexual production in Hepatophyta |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-mosses, ex: Sphagnum
-cells analogous to vascular cells: Hadrom and Leptom |
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Term
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Definition
-moss of world-wide economic importance
-covers 1% of earth's surface
-important component of global carbon cycle
-acts as carbon dioxide "sponge" |
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Term
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Definition
-Hadrom: water conducting tissue in center of moss stems, hydroids
-Leptom: conducts nutrients in mosses, leptoids |
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Term
| Similarities between Charophycean Green Algae, Bryophytes, and Vascular Plants |
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Definition
-chloroplasts with well developed grana
-oogamous sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Similarities between Bryophytes and Vascular Plants |
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Definition
-male and female gametangia (archaegonium and antheridium)
-after fertilization of egg, embryo develops inside archaegonium
-multicellular diploid sporophyte and multicellular sporangia |
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Term
| What separates Vascular Plants from Bryophytes and Charophycean Green Algae |
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Definition
-xylem and phloem
-dominant and branched sporophyte
-produce lignin |
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