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| Nutrients plants get from photosynthesis |
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| Na, Cl, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Mo, B, Ni, |
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| Yellowing in lower leaves |
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| Yellowing in upper leaves |
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| Yellowing between veins on lower leaves (mobile) |
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| Yellowing between veins on upper leaves (not as mobile) |
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| Plants become extra green and purple (anthocyanin) |
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| Edges of leaves blackening and wither |
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| Stunted growth, sterility, yellowing along edges of usually younger leaves |
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| Growth stops within minutes or hours |
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| Single celled, prokaryotic organisms |
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| Non-living pathogens (not made of cells), replicate inside plant cells killing cells |
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| Eukaryotic organisms, can be single or multi celled, have modified cell walls |
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| Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms, no cell walls |
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| Single celled, eukaryotic organisms, No cell walls, live in the phloem |
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Definition
| Dependent upon host plant for water and nutrients and sometimes sugars |
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Term
| Mechanical Defense - Spines |
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Definition
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| Mechanical Defense - Thorns |
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Definition
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| Mechanical Defense - Prickles |
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Definition
| Outgrowths of the epidermis, tend to be multicellular, ex: rose |
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Term
| Toxins - Secondary metabolites |
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Definition
| Non-essential chemicals produced as "waste" from the plant metabolism, has benefit of harming/killing herbivores, may just taste bad |
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Term
| Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) |
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Definition
| Produce antimicrobial chemicals, continue to produce after infection gone, sort of like antibodies in plants, helps plant remember pathogens |
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Definition
| Hypersensitive reaction where cells around infection die to limit spread |
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Term
| Airborne methyl jasmonate (Meja) or methyl salicylate (MeSa) |
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Definition
| Sent to surrounding plants and turn on appropriate defenses, sometimes have to be within 1-2 generations to work, other times completely different plant species can use signals |
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Term
| Nutrition deficiencies diagnosed by (3) |
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Definition
1) measuring nutrient concentration of soil
2) measuring nutrient concentration of plant tissue
3) plant symptoms (can be different because they vary) |
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Term
| Plant pathogens diagnosed by (3) |
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Definition
1) plant symptoms
2) culturing what's in the environment (soil)
3) culturing what's in the plant |
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1) Primary Growth Regulator
2) Helps plants move
3) Helps pollen tubes grow
4) Regulates fruit development
5) Synthetic form used as herbicide
6) Regulates other plant hormones |
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Term
| High concentrations of auxin (2) |
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Definition
1) promote stem growth
2) inhibits root growth |
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Term
| Low concentrations of auxin |
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Definition
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Term
| Auxins + plant movement (3) |
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Definition
1) Phototropism
2) Thigmotropism
3) Gravitropism
In shoot auxin stimulates growth on one side, in root excessive auxin slows growth, auxin shuttled to one side of plant and turns on genes |
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Term
| Auxin + regulating fruit development (2) |
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Definition
1) slow down ripening
2) block early fruit drop |
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Term
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Definition
1) promotes cell division for growth
2) promotes seed germination
3) slows senescence (death) of leaves and fruit
4) signals chloroplast formation
5) causes leaf expansion
6) with auxin, helps with cell differentiation |
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Definition
1) inhibits shoot growth but may promote root length
2) water conservation in drought conditions (signals closing of stomata) |
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Definition
1) releases dormancy in seed (seed ready to germinate)
2) stimulates fruit ripening
3) stimulates leaf abscission (falling off leaves)
4) stimulates flower opening (only if already there) |
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Definition
1) Stimulates stem elongation
2) Stimulates flowering |
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Definition
1) works with auxin to promote cell death
2) protects plants during drought or chilling stress
3) promotes xylem formation and inhibits phloem formation |
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Definition
| photoreceptors that absorb in the red/far red wavelengths, excel at sensing shade and day length |
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Term
| Cryptochromes and phototropins |
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Definition
| blue-light absorbing photoreceptors |
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Definition
| absorb damaginv UV light, attract pollinators, defend against pests, great antioxidants |
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Red light triggers seed germination
Far red stops seed germination |
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Definition
biological cycles that repeat on a 24 hour basis
need light cycle to keep it going, can reset the rhythm, maintained by cryptochromes |
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Definition
| chloroplasts move inside the cell to maximize light exposure to side when light is too high (lighter green) and to top when light is low, controlled by phototropin |
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Definition
| controlled by phytochromes |
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Term
| Trees change color in the fall |
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Definition
| light duration changes it, chlorophylls break down, carotenoids remain, anthocyanins increase, phytochrome senses night length - when nights become long it signals for the plant to go dormant |
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Definition
| plants use phototropins to perceive which direction the light is coming from |
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