Term
| Abscisic acid's (ABA) role |
|
Definition
| During droughts, ABA cause stomates to close during both day and night |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of needles/scales (gymnosperm)? |
|
Definition
| Less water loss due to decrease surface area; veins are in the center of the leaf; |
|
|
Term
| Anatomy of a dicot leaf (Top to down) |
|
Definition
| Upper epidermis, Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, bundle shealth xylem, phloem, lower epidermis, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium |
|
|
Term
| Apical Meristem's functions |
|
Definition
| Give rise to primary meristems; source of all cell division that increase height |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature stem and leaf tissues (Primary meristem by nodes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; colorful leaves that are for attracting pollinators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; Protection of apical meristem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; storage; |
|
|
Term
| Characterisitics of plasmodesma |
|
Definition
Connects living cells;
very small (need electron microscope to see)
Most live cells have them |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of bundle sheath |
|
Definition
Single layer of parenchyma that surrounds the vein (which contains xylem [outside] and phloem [inside]);
photosynthsis |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of palisade mesophyll |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis; rectangular cells; under upper epidermis; cells lined in a row; many chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of tendrils |
|
Definition
| Modified stems; Attachment; pull the plant toward the sun; thin, ribbon-like |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of "Tuber" |
|
Definition
Modified stem;
Vegetative propation (asexual) and food storage (main purpose - carb., lipid, proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Bordered pits |
|
Definition
Connects dead cells; has no plasma membrane (like the simple pits); circles with a halo in the cell wall;
in teh Tracheids |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Cladode |
|
Definition
| Modified Stem; stem is green; photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified Stem; form @ Base of the stem; Vegetative propagation (regrow next spring); food storage |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Epidermis Tissue |
|
Definition
Usually one cell layer thick
Outermost layer of cell
Fromt eh protoderm
Function: protect interior cells from invaders and elemtns
Fairly thick cell walls
Generate Cutin -> wax for reducing water loss, keeping water out, keeping invaders out |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Juvenile Cells |
|
Definition
| Small, Square, Nucleus make up 90% of cell |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Primary Tissues |
|
Definition
| Formed by primary meristems, matured or differentiated cells (functional), six primary tissues |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Rhizome |
|
Definition
| Modified stems; vegetative propagation(asexual); horizontal UNDERGROUND stem |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Simple pits |
|
Definition
Connect dead cells (no plasmodesma); look like circles in cell wall;
Fiber cells and vessel elements have them;
big enough to see with light compound microscope) |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Stolon |
|
Definition
| AKA Runners; Modified stem; vegetative propagation; horizontal ABOVE GROUND stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified stem; protection; reduce water loss |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Upper epidermis |
|
Definition
| Protection; Cuticle; contain guard cells and epidermal cells; |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Xerophyte leaves |
|
Definition
| Dry conditions; more epidermal layers; less internal air space; sunken stomate (like a bay); try to store water |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Zone of Cell division |
|
Definition
| Upper portion of stem; include the apical meristem; primary meristems present |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Zone of Maturation |
|
Definition
| Rest of the plants below the Zone of Elongation; Regions where functional tissues (primary tissues) are located |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Zone of cell elongation |
|
Definition
| Just below the zone of cell division; Cell sizes growing and increasing in length |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of fibers |
|
Definition
| Has lignin; similar in size to tracheids, but it has pointed tips and simple pits |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of root's epidermis |
|
Definition
| develops from the protoderm; forms root hairs; size wall of epidermal cells form the root hair; |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of sclereids |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasm lives long enough to make the cell wall and then dies; bunch of hollow cell walls at maturation |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of tap roots |
|
Definition
| One main root; many secondary roots; main root is very long/deep; try to access deeper aquifers |
|
|
Term
| Characteritics of Parenchuma tissue |
|
Definition
Alive at maturity; easily differentiate;
needed for the wound response (turn into epidermal cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Companion cell's function |
|
Definition
| Alive when functional; live for 1 year; controls the sieve tube; feeds it, keep it happy and alive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right next to sieve tube element; formed by division of the same sieve tube cells; smaller than the sieve tube element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of Cutin; wax covering; hydrophobic; shed water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change from immature to Mature form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orderly process by which the structure/function of genetically identical cells (Stem/Callus cells) become different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in plant size (elongation) and number of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that never matures; constantly dividing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature stem and leaf tissue (apical meristem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Center -- usually filled with fluids or air |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Ray region of the stem |
|
Definition
Region between the vascular bundle;
composed of parenchyma cells;
Lateral movement of food, water, etc;
very important; |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cortex region of the stem |
|
Definition
Beneath the epidermis; outside the vascular bundles
Compsoed of collenchyma, parenchyma, and sclerenchyma (all ground meristems) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epidermis region of the stem |
|
Definition
Outmost layer; composed of single tissue (epidermis; usually 1 cell layer thick and lacks color
Protection |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pith region of the stem |
|
Definition
Region at the center of the stem;
composed exclusively of parachyma tissues; sometimes generate extra compounds such as natural pesticide here; in older, woody trees the pith is crushed |
|
|
Term
| Describe the vascular bundle region of the stem. |
|
Definition
Ovoid shaped structure in a cross-section cut.
In a dictor, they're arranged in a ring;
composed of primary phloem and primary xylem |
|
|
Term
| Dicots have what type of venation? |
|
Definition
| Netted venations (Pinnate and Palmate) |
|
|
Term
| Do sieve tubes have plasma membrances? |
|
Definition
| yes; this also require protein generated by the companion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops from ground meristem; has the caspariant stip (ribbion of suberin in cell on 4 sides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulare lateral movement of water and comopunds; force the substance to move through the cells to get into the xylem (and rest of plant) |
|
|
Term
| Epidermis Tissues characteristics |
|
Definition
| Extremely thick cell wall; layer of cutin (cuticle); non-photosyntetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defend against invader; keep water out; prevent rot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roots are branched; no main root can be identified; better at hold soil in place and absorbing mineral (more abundant in top soil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only immature flower tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide strength/support to maintain plant shape (high lignin content) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Support, strength, maintenance of plant shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strength (thick cell walls; lignin), support, maintenance of plant shapel; does NOT conduct water/mineral/etc |
|
|
Term
| Function of a sieve tube element |
|
Definition
| Cells joined at sieve plates; pipe-like conduction of water/mineral/etc; slime strands from adjacent cells transverse the sieve plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Storage of food/water
Differentiated into diff. types of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Improve absorptive efficiency; short life span; increase surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anchorage; foot and water storage; water and mineral absorption and conduction |
|
|
Term
| Function of the epidermal tissues in root |
|
Definition
| Absorption of water and mineral; protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protect apical meristem; gravitropism (figure out where gravity is); sloughed off and replaced as the root pushes through the soil |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Primary Meristems |
|
Definition
| Give rise to primary tissues (functional) |
|
|
Term
| How are vascular bundles organized in a dictor stem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are vascular bundles organized in monocot stems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does gravitropism work? |
|
Definition
| Via starch grains; starch grains are big and heavy and fall towards gravity. |
|
|
Term
| How long does vessel elemnts conduct water? |
|
Definition
| 3 years; older ones provide strength |
|
|
Term
| How many types of dicots venation are there? (And what are they) |
|
Definition
| Pinnate netted venation and Palmate netted venation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For wet conditions; fewer cell layers; more internal air space ( for floation); |
|
|
Term
| In a dicot root, what are the regions (outermost to innermost)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a leaf primoridum, where is the procambium located in a logitudinal section? |
|
Definition
| In the middle of the leaf. Between ground meristems. |
|
|
Term
| In a longitudinal section of a bud, where do the ground meristem form? |
|
Definition
| In the center of the stem and inbetween protoderm and procambium |
|
|
Term
| In roots, what do procambium give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Primary xylem and phloem; located at the center of the root |
|
|
Term
| In roots, what does the ground meristem give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Parenchyma, collenchyma, and schelrenchyma; located between the protoderm and the procambium. |
|
|
Term
| In roots, what does the protoderm form? |
|
Definition
| outer layers of the young root; epidermis |
|
|
Term
| In roots, what/where is the zone of differentiation? |
|
Definition
| After the zone of elongation; primary tissues present; root hair present |
|
|
Term
| In roots, where/what is the zone of elongation? |
|
Definition
| After the zone of cell division; cells are longer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; capture prey (for nutrient) |
|
|
Term
| Lateral root's shape is... ______ as primary root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Axillary bud - defines where the leaf start; not PART of the leaf
Petiole - attach blade to stem
Blade - part of leaf that does photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Leaf parts of a gymnosperm? |
|
Definition
Leaves - needles/scales;
fasicle - strcuture that attach the needles to the stem |
|
|
Term
| Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant |
|
Definition
| Seed with embryo -> Seedling -> Adult plant -> Sexual reproduction -> repeat |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 primary meristems that apical meristems give rise to. |
|
Definition
| Protoderm, Ground Meristem, Procambium |
|
|
Term
List the cell types created by this primary tissue:
Collenchyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the cell types created by this primary tissue:
Epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the cell types created by this primary tissue:
Parenchyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the cell types created by this primary tissue:
Phloem |
|
Definition
| Sieve Tube ELements; Companion cells; Phloem Parenchyma |
|
|
Term
List the cell types created by this primary tissue:
Sclerenchyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
List the cell types created by this primary tissue:
Xylem |
|
Definition
| Tracheids; Vessel Elements; Xylem Parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| List the primary tissues Ground meristems give rise to. |
|
Definition
| parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerechyma |
|
|
Term
| List the primary tissues procambium give rise to. |
|
Definition
| Primary Phloem, Primary Xylem. Collectively called vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| List the primary tissues that Protoderm give rise to. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lower epidermis characteristics |
|
Definition
| Protection; contain epidermal cells and guard cells (more than upper); cuticle is thinner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large, MAY be elongated, Vacuole make up 90% of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immature flow, stem, and leaf tissue |
|
|
Term
| Monocots leaves have what type of venation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On hot days, stomates will... |
|
Definition
| close due to the loss of turgor pressure -> less water loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Food and water storage (main); differentiation if needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively large isodiametric cell; thin cell walls; extra vacuoles; a lot of plastids (differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops from procambium; 1 cell layer thick; below the endodermis; cells are polyploid (1+ sets of choromosomes); form lateral roots |
|
|
Term
| Phloem in a leaf is located: |
|
Definition
| Lower layer of vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beginning group of cells that give rise to an organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; reproduction; asexual |
|
|
Term
| Root parenchyma characteristics |
|
Definition
| Develops from ground meristem; in the cortex; most of the root's volume; storage of foot and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small circular cells; thick cell walls; lignin reinforced; filled with simple pits |
|
|
Term
| Sclerenchyma's characteristics |
|
Definition
| Long, fiber-like; very strong; lots of lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small cells with extra thick cell walls;
ALIVE at maturity; cell wall has cellulose fibrils and thickended cornors; extra strength; mechanical stress stimulates differention (wind, rain, shaking) |
|
|
Term
| Sieve tube elements characteristics |
|
Definition
| ALive at maturity, but enucleate (Lacking a nucleus); nucleus degrade at maturity; relies on the companion cell for genetic function; lives for about 1 year (gets sluffed off [phloem]) |
|
|
Term
| Sieve tube elements's shape |
|
Definition
Long, WIDE cells with blund, porous ends;
no lignin in cell wall;
porous ends are called sieve plates; similar to a pipe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transportation fo substance via phloem; bidirectional; if companion cell dies, sieve tube dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; protection |
|
|
Term
| Spongy Mesophyll characteristics |
|
Definition
| Photosynthesis; Irregularly shapped cells above the lower epidermis; cells seperated by large intercellar space; numerous chloroplats in cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region inside the endodermis (pericycle, phloem, and xylem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; small leaflet at the base of the petiole; protection and photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turgor pressure HIGH; guardcells open up and allow more air to get in |
|
|
Term
| Stomates in desert plants |
|
Definition
| Close during dya; open at night; O2, Co2, and H20 |
|
|
Term
| Stomates's characteristics |
|
Definition
| Pores in the leaf; surrounded by guard cells; site of gas exchange; in most plants, open during day & close at nite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wax in cell - prevent things from getting through |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Sclerenchyma contain lignin |
|
Definition
| True, sclerenchyma contains lignin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; support; pull the plant toward the sun |
|
|
Term
| Tracheids' characteristics |
|
Definition
| Cell is dead when functional; has a lumen; bordered pits precisely aligned in adjacent cells -- conduction of water is moved in a zig-zag pattern; cell lasts for the life of plants, but it only conducts for 3 years; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength; support; conduction of water and mineral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick cell wall; lignin reinforcemented; filled with BORDERED pits |
|
|
Term
| Types of compound dicot leaves? |
|
Definition
Palmately - leaflets arise from a central point (like a palm)
Pinnate - leaflets are arranged like a feather (can be once, twice pinnate) |
|
|
Term
| Upper or lower epidermis: which has more stomates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long, narrow cells with blunted end that are known as perforation plates; thick and prodive strength and support |
|
|
Term
| Vessel elements' functions |
|
Definition
| Free flow of water/mineral; straight line; filled with simple pits and lignin reinforced; perforation plate to get rid of air bubbles (which causes damage); more efficient compared to tracheids; simple pits CAN move water in a zig-zag, but it's less efficient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; water storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves; water storage |
|
|
Term
| What are compound dicot leaves? |
|
Definition
| Blade is divided into leaflets |
|
|
Term
| What are phloem parenchymas? |
|
Definition
| Rectangular cells; alive when functional; does the phlem loading |
|
|
Term
| What are teh three types of phyllotaxy? |
|
Definition
| Alternate (1 per node), opposite (2), and whorled (2+) |
|
|
Term
| What are the function of the primary xylem tissues? |
|
Definition
| Conducts water and mineral through the plant (one direction only -- up) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of phloem tissues? |
|
Definition
| Bidirectional movement of food, water, etc. through the plant |
|
|
Term
| What are the intercalary meristem? |
|
Definition
| Ring of meristem at the node (attachment of shealth) in monocots |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary tissues in dicot root? |
|
Definition
| Epidermis, parenchyma, endodermis, pericule, Xylem, phloem |
|
|
Term
| What are the three (3) primary meristem? |
|
Definition
| Protoderm, Ground meristem, and Procambium |
|
|
Term
| What are the three growth zones? |
|
Definition
| Zone of Cell division, cell elongation, and Maturation (Differentiation) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different types of dicot leaf types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two root systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell types are genereated by phloem? |
|
Definition
| Sieve tube elements, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| What cell types comes from sclerenchyma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells in the root are polypoid? |
|
Definition
| Pericyle (1+ sets of chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| What do parenchyma tissue do? |
|
Definition
| Photosynthsis in leaves/stem; storage of food/etc in stem roots, seed; in the flesh of a fruit |
|
|
Term
| What forms the Primary Meristems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Pinnate netted venation? |
|
Definition
| Main veins are arranged like a feather |
|
|
Term
| What is a simple dicot leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is palmate netted venation? |
|
Definition
| Main veins arrise from a single common point ( like a palm of a hand) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACTIVE transport of sucrose into the sieve tube element for movement around the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arrangement of leaves on stem |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of p-proteins? |
|
Definition
| Similar to clotting in humans and animals |
|
|
Term
| What the functions of a leaf? |
|
Definition
| Photosyntesis and gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What the leaf parts of a monocot? |
|
Definition
Sheath - attach blade to stem;
blade - portion that absorb light and do photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| What the regions of the stem? (Outermost to innermost) |
|
Definition
| Epidermis, cortex, Vascular bundles, Ray, Pith |
|
|
Term
| Where are Vessel elements found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are apical meristem located in dicots? |
|
Definition
| Tips of stems, tips of roots, and inside axillary/terminal buds |
|
|
Term
| Where are collenchyma tissue located? |
|
Definition
| Beneath the epidermis and concentraded in regions where it requires geometrical shape support |
|
|
Term
| Where are juvenile tissues concentrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are parenchyma tissues located? |
|
Definition
| Beneath the collenchuma (which is beneath the epidermis). In the ray and pith regions |
|
|
Term
| Where are sclerenchuma tissues located? |
|
Definition
| In the cap like band on the edge of vascular bundles; interspersed in the stem where it requires strength and support |
|
|
Term
| Where are sclerenchyma found? |
|
Definition
| All sorts of places; leaves, stems, roots, bark, seed coats; (structure/support) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the primary Xylem tissues located? |
|
Definition
| In the inner portion of the vascular bundle |
|
|
Term
| Where are the primary phloem tissues located? |
|
Definition
| Located in the outer portion of vascular bundles |
|
|
Term
| Where are the youngest part of the plant located? |
|
Definition
| Near the stem tip and near the root tip |
|
|
Term
| Where are tracheids found in? |
|
Definition
| Angiosperms and gymnosperms |
|
|
Term
| Where did parenchyma tissues come from? |
|
Definition
| Arose from ground meristems |
|
|
Term
| Where do lateral roots grow from? |
|
Definition
| pericycle. Grows THROUGH The crotex |
|
|
Term
| Where do roots increase in length? |
|
Definition
| Root tip; behind root cap |
|
|
Term
| Where is the apical meristem located in a monocot? |
|
Definition
| Crown or dome-shape structure near the plant tip |
|
|
Term
| Where is the apical meristem located in a root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the zone of cell division located in roots? |
|
Definition
| By the apical meristem region; does not include the root cap |
|
|
Term
| Why do Juvenile cells do not have large vacuoles? |
|
Definition
| They'll get in the way of cell division. |
|
|
Term
| Xylem in a leaf in located: |
|
Definition
| uppermost layer of the vascular tissue in the vein |
|
|
Term
| Xylem tissues generate what cell types? |
|
Definition
| Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal conditions; average cell layers; average internal air space; gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occies the center of the root;
confucts water and mineral vertically (only up) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thing layer just outside the xylem; produce the xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxxupies the concave regions from by xlym; transport food |
|
|
Term
| T/F - Older roots form bark and secondary wood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symplastic pathway; hydrophilic substance move through the living parts of the root (cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apoplastic pathway; hydrophilic substance slaterally through nonliving parts of the roots |
|
|
Term
| Function of the endodermis? |
|
Definition
| Force any substance that wants to get inside the roots to go through the cell (filtering) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Root modification; storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of adventitious root; attachment/support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of adventitious root; support and anchorage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Root modification; hold plant at soil level; pull the bulb below the soil level; keep rhizome at the proper depth (underground) |
|
|
Term
| How do contractile roots work? |
|
Definition
Root penetrate the soil and anchor itself; upper cortical cells contract while increase the radius and decrease the height;
vascular tissues buckles and become undulate (wavy form), but they can still conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| Root modification; AKA knees; gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| Root modification; N2 fixation |
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Term
| WHEre does the nodule come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme facilitate the N2 fixation (N2 to NH4)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that strongly binds to O2 atoms; protect nitrogenase from O2 |
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Term
| How do nitrogenase react to O2? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do bacteria affect the N2 fixation of plants? |
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Definition
| Bacteria infect through the root hair and the infection thread grows to the pericycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Filamentous fungi; root symbiosis; Fungi absorb water and mineral (especially PO4)and give it to the plant while the plant gives it sugar (carbon source) |
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Term
| What are teh two types of mycorrhizae? |
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Definition
| ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae |
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Term
| Characteristics of ectomycorrhizae? |
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Definition
| Invade the cell wall; not the inside of the cell |
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Term
| Characteristics of endomycorrhizae? |
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Definition
| invade into the root cells |
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Term
| What is secondary growth? |
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Definition
| Growth that increase girth of plants; usually woody dicot plants |
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Term
| What are teh secondary meristems? |
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Definition
Meristems that arise from the primary;
1) vascular cambium;
cork cambium |
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Term
| What are the two types of vascular cambium? |
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Definition
| Fasicular cambium; interfasicular cambium |
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Term
| What is the difference betweeen interfasicular and fasicular cambium? |
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Definition
Interfasicular - form from the parenchyma cells in the ray
fasicular cambium - from the vascular bundles |
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Term
| What are teh secondary tissues? |
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Definition
| secondary xylem/phloem, cork, and phelloderm |
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Term
| Which primary meristem generate the fasicular cambium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shape is the fasicular and interfasciular cambium? (collectively known as the vascular cambium) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the vascular cambium do? |
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Definition
| Generate secondary xylem to teh inside and secondary phloem to the outside; secondary xlem form the growth ring |
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Term
| Which tissue forms the growth rings in trees? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHat creates the cork cambim? |
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Definition
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Term
| What secondary tissues do the cork cambium generate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of the cork cambium |
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Definition
| Formed every year; from the cortex's parenchyma cells; produce cork and phelloderm |
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Term
| WHat does the cork cambium generate? |
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Definition
| Cork to the outside of the cork cambium and phelloderm to the inside of the cork cambium |
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Term
| In an old (3 years) woody dicot stem, name the primary and secondary tissues (outermost to innermost) |
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Definition
| Cork, cork cambium, phelloderm, parenchyma, primary/secondary phloem, vascular cambium, secondary xylem, primary xylem, Ray parenchyma, pith parenchyma |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Cork |
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Definition
Outermost layer; cell walls has suberin (wax), dead when funcional;
protection; water proofing; insulation |
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Term
| Characteristics/Function of cork cambium |
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Definition
| Located under the cork; replaced yearly; creates cork cells to the outside and a layer of phelloderm to the inside |
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Term
| Characeritics/function of phelloderm |
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Definition
| Formed by the cork cambium; only 1 cell layer thick; unknown function at the moment |
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Term
| Characteristics of Parenchyma (in 3 yr old dicot) |
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Definition
| Cortex region; crushed as the plant gets bigger; turns into the cork cambium |
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Term
| Characteristics/function of primary phloem in (old dicot stem) |
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Definition
| Formed by the procambium during first year of growth; gets slough off after first year; transport food/water/etc |
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Term
| Secondary phloem (woody dicot stem) |
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Definition
| Formed by vascular cambium; no growth ring since it gets slough off yearly; transport food |
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Term
| Characteritics of vascular cambium |
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Definition
| Formed from procambium and ray parenchyma cells; enternally juvenile; produce secondary phloem and xylem cells |
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Term
| Characteritics of vascular cambium |
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Definition
| Formed from procambium and ray parenchyma cells; enternally juvenile; produce secondary phloem and xylem cells |
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Term
| Characteristics of secondary xylem |
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Definition
| Formed by vascular cambium; generates the growth ring; confucts water and mineral for (1~3 years); after that, it's just wood |
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Term
| IN a growth ring, which cells differentiate later summer and spring? |
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Definition
| large cell = spring; small cells = summer |
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Term
| Primary Xylem characteristics |
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Definition
| Formed by procambium during first 3 months of growth; innermost layer of xylem; transport food upward |
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Term
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Definition
| extend laterally across the stem from the pith to the outer edge of the phloem; laterally trasnportation |
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Term
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Definition
| Located at the center of a tree; after 4~ years; it's crushed; |
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Term
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Definition
| Located at center of tree trunk; reddish brown color; acculmated resin; extra hard and natural insecticide |
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Term
| Older forests = ___ heart wood |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Yellowish color; no or very little resin; cells filled with water instead of resin; soft wood; young trees have mostly sap wood |
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Term
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Definition
| All layers of the xylem; everything inside the vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
All parts of the trunk outside of the vascular cambium; phloem; cortex parenchyma; phelloderm; cork cambium; cork;
repeatly sloughed off |
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Term
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Definition
| Eruptions in the bark; gas exchange |
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Term
| What are the three palnes of sectioning? |
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Definition
| Transverse; Radial; Tangential |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross-section; parallel to the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| Top down cut right in the middle |
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Term
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Definition
| Top down cut; NOT at the center |
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Term
| Transverse cut's characterisstics |
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Definition
| Rays look like spokes on a wheel00 from pith to the phloem; growth ring forms circles |
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Term
| Characateristics of radial cut |
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Definition
| Longitudinal section/cut; rays look like horizontal streaks; more expensive cuts of lumber |
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Term
| Characteristics of tangential |
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Definition
| Longitudinal secion; rays look like short flecks; less expeive cut of lum bers; growth rings form ellipses |
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