Term
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Definition
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Term
| characteristics of most leaves at maturity: |
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Definition
| petiole, lamina, vascular bundles, stipules |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| network of veins in leaves |
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Definition
| outgrowths at the base of the petiole |
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Term
| leaves of flowering plants have: |
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Definition
| leaf gaps and axillary buds |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| blade divided into leaflets |
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Term
| pinnately compound leaves |
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Definition
| leaflets in pairs along rachis |
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Term
| bipinnately compound leaf |
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Definition
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Term
| palmately compound leaves |
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Definition
| all leaflets attached at same point on petiole |
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Term
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Definition
| waste accumulation and disposal, movement of water absorbed by roots |
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Term
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Definition
| when water evaporates from leaf surface |
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Term
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Definition
| root pressure forces water out hydathodes at tips of leaf veins in some plants |
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Term
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Definition
| where leaves are attached to the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| stem regions in between nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement of leaves on the stem |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement of veins in a leaf/leaflet blade |
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Term
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Definition
| main midvein down middle w/ secondary midvein branches |
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Term
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Definition
| several primary veins fan out from base of blade |
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Term
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Definition
| primary veins parallel (monocots) |
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Term
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Definition
| primary veins divergent in different ways (dicots) |
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Term
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Definition
| veins fork evenly and progressively from base of blade (ginkgo) |
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Term
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Definition
| epidermis, mesophyll, veins (vascular bundles) |
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Term
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Definition
| single layer of cells covering entire surface of the leaf |
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Term
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Definition
-devoid of chloroplasts
-coated with cuticle
-protects tissues
-collects waste
-may contain different types of glands |
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Term
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Definition
structures for gas exchange and regulation of water evaporation
-located on lower epidermis
-bordered by guard cells |
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Term
| stomata open/closed when? |
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Definition
open = guard cells inflated
closed = guard cells deflated |
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Term
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Definition
| area between epidermal layers where most photosynthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
stacked, barrel shaped parenchyma cells (usually in 2 rows)
-contains most of the leaf's chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| loosely arranged parenchyma cells with abundant air spaces |
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Term
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Definition
-scattered through mesophyll
-made of xylem&phloem; surrounded by parenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| not separated into palisade and spongy layers |
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Term
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Definition
cells that partially collapse under dry conditions to reduce transpiration
(found on either side of main central vein in monocots) |
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Term
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Definition
specialized leaves that receive less total light than sun leaves
-generally broader& thinner
-fewer mesophyll layers, chloroplasts, and hairs |
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Term
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Definition
reduce water loss by:
-thick/leathery, water-retaining leaves or no leaves
-fewer/sunken stomata
-dense, hairy covering |
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Term
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Definition
-less xylem & phloem
-mesophyll not separated into palisade and spongy
-large air spaces |
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Term
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Definition
modified leaves that curl around objects for support
(garden peas) |
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Term
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Definition
modified leaves that reduce leaf surface & water loss and protect plant from herbivory
-cacti (leaf tissue replace w/ sclerenchyma, photosynthesis occurs in stems) |
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Term
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Definition
| modified STEMS arising in the axils of leaves of woody plants |
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Term
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Definition
| outgrowths from epidermis or cortex |
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Term
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Definition
-modified for water storage
-usually have parenchyma cells w/ large vacuoles
(many desert plants) |
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Term
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Definition
store carbohydrates
(onions, lilies) |
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Term
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Definition
leaves buried in ground except for exposed end with transparent epidermis & water cells
-allows light in while buried part keeps plant from drying out |
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Term
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Definition
walking fern (new plants at leaf tips)
air plant (tiny plantlets along leaf margins) |
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Term
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Definition
-bracts
-at base of flowers or flower stalks
-poinsettia (bracts surround flowers instead of petals)
-Clary's sage (bracts above flowers) |
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Term
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Definition
| -grow in swampy areas and bogs where soil is nutrient deficient |
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Term
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Definition
| insects trapped & digested inside cone-shaped leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| have round/oval leaves covered with glandular hairs that have a sticky fluid of digestive enzymes at the tip |
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Term
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Definition
-only in North &South Carolina
-blade halves trap insects |
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Term
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Definition
-submerged/floating in shallow water
-tiny bladders on leaves have "trap doors" that trap insects |
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Term
| Autumnal changes in leaf color occurs because? |
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Definition
| chlorophylls break down and show other pigments present in the leaves |
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Term
| pigments in mature leaves |
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Definition
carotenoids = yellow
chlorophyll = green
*Some have:
anthocyanins = red or blue
betacyanins = red |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that drop leaves seasonally |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which leaves are shed |
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Term
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Definition
-near base of petiole
-has protective and separation layers
-changes in this cause leaves to shed |
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Term
| protection layer of abscission zone |
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Definition
| has cells coated and impregnated with suberin |
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Term
| separation layer of abscission zone |
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Definition
| pectins in middle of lamella of cells are broken down by enzymes |
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Term
| human/ecological relevance of leaves: |
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Definition
-landscaping
-food
-dyes
-perfumes
-ropes/twine
-drugs
-beverages
-insecticides
-waxes
-aesthetics |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cycle completed in a single season |
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Term
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Definition
| from seed germination to mature plant producing seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| cycle completed in 2 growing seasons |
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Term
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Definition
cycle takes several to many growing seasons
OR
plant produces flowers on new growth while other plant parts persist indefinitely |
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Term
| 2 major classes of flowering plants |
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Definition
| Magnoliopsida (dicots) and Liliopsida (Monocots) |
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Term
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Definition
| embryonic primordia that develop into buds |
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Term
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Definition
flowers grow on their tips on specialized branches
-many have branchlets of pedicels |
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Term
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Definition
| swollen end of peduncle or pedicel |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-collective name for all sepals of a flower
-protects flower while in bud |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-collective name for all petals
-showy ones attract pollinators |
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Term
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Definition
| calyx and corolla (sepals and petals) |
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Term
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Definition
-attached around base of pistil
-consists of filament & anther
-anther develops pollen grains |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of stigma, style, and ovary (which develops into a fruit) |
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Term
| Dicot/Monocot Differences |
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Definition
| -cotyledons, flower parts, leaves, vascular & cork cambium, vascular bundles, pollen grains |
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Term
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Definition
-leaf w/ ovules on margins
-may be fused together into compound ovary
-may be 1 to several in a pistil |
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Term
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Definition
| calyx and corolla attached to receptacle at the base of the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
receptacle grows up & around ovary
-calyx & corolla appear attached at top of ovary |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
matured ovary & accesory parts
-contains seeds
-all fruits develp from flower ovaries & accordingly are found exclusively in flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
| exocarp (skin), endocarp (inner boundary around seeds), mesocarp (tissue between endocarp and exocarp) |
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Term
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Definition
| exocarp, endocarp, mesocarp collectively |
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Term
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Definition
-mesocarp at least partly fleshy at maturity
-simple ones develop from flowers with single pistil |
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Term
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Definition
| simple fleshy fruit with single seed enclosed by hard, stony endocarp (pit) |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fleshy fruit
-from compound ovary w/ more than 1 seed
-w/fleshy pericarp
-true berry = thin skin & relatively soft pericarp (tomatoes, grapes, peppers, blueberries, bananas) |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fleshy fruit (berry)
-have relatively thick rind
-pumpkins & cucumbers |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fleshy fruit (berry)
-leathery skin containing oils (citrus) |
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Term
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Definition
-simple fleshy fruit
-flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around ovary
-endocarp papery or leathery (apples, pears) |
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Term
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Definition
-mesocarp dry at maturity
-can be dehisicent or indehiscent |
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Term
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Definition
-split at maturity
-can be in form of: follicle, legume, silique, silicle, or capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| dehiscent fruit for mthat splits along one side (larkspur, milkweed) |
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Term
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Definition
| dehiscent fruit type that splits along 2 sides (peas, beans, lentils, peanuts) |
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Term
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Definition
dehiscent fruit type that splits along 2 sides but seeds are on central parition
-silique = more than 3 times longer than wide
-sillicle = less than 3 times longer than wide
-mustard family (broccoli & cabbage) |
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Term
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Definition
dehiscent fruit form that consists of at least 2 carpels & split in a variety of ways
-irises, poppies, violets, snap dragons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent fruit that has a single seed united with the pericarp
-base of seed attached to pericarp
-sunflower seeds, buttercup, buckwheat |
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent fruit similar to an achene with cluster of bracts at base of pericarp
-acorns, hazelnuts, hickory nuts |
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Term
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Definition
| -indehiscent fruit with pericarp tightly united w/ seed (grasses: corn, wheat, rice oats, barley) |
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Term
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Definition
-indehiscent fruit with pericarp that extends as wings for dispersal
-maples, ashes, elms |
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Term
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Definition
| twin fruit that breaks into 1-seeded segments called mericarps (parsley family: carrots, anise, dill) |
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Term
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Definition
derived from single flower w/ 1 to many pistils
(raspberries, blackberries, strawberries) |
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Term
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Definition
derived from several to many individual flowers in single inflorescence
-mulberries, osage orange, pineapples, figs |
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Term
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Definition
| food storage oragans that function as seed leaves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stem above cotyledon attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| stem below cotyledon attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| tip of embryo that develops into root |
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Term
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Definition
-hypocotyl lengthens, bends & becomes hook-shaped
-top of hook emerges from the ground, pulling cotyledons above ground |
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Term
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Definition
| hypocotyl remains short and cotyledons don't emerge above surface |
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Term
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Definition
-beginning or resumption of seed growth
-all seeds must have dormancy |
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Term
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Definition
| artificially breaking dormancy |
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Term
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Definition
| seed adaptations to dispersal |
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Term
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Definition
wind
water
animals-ectozoochory, endozoochory, myrmechory, humans |
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Term
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Definition
offspring move away from parents so no longer interacting with parent population
-important to: evolution, ecology, management |
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Term
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Definition
moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration
molecules move along concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules distributed throughout available space |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid in which substances dissolve |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane in which different substances diffuse at different rates(all plant cell membranes) |
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region where water is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure required to prevent osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| turgor pressure, pressure that develops against walls of a cell as water enters |
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Term
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Definition
| firm cell due to water gain by osmosis |
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Term
| water potential of the cell |
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Definition
| osmotic pressure + pressure potential |
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Term
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Definition
loss of water through osmosis
-accompanied by shrinkage of protoplasm away from the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
large molecules such as cellulose and starch develop electrical charges when wet and attract water molecules
-water molecules adhere to large molecules=resulting in swelling of tissues
first step in germination of seed |
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Term
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Definition
process used to absorb and retain solutes against a diffusion or electrical gradient by expenditure of energy
-involves proton pump |
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Term
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Definition
| facilitate transfer of solutes to outside and to inside of cell |
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Term
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Definition
traspiration generates tension to pull water columns through plants from roots to leaves.
-water columns created when water molecules adhere to tracheids and vessels of xylem and cohere to each other.
-when water evaporates from mesophyll cells they develop a lower water potential than adjacent cells.
-water moves into mesophyll cells from cells with high water potential
-process continued til veins are reached
-creates tension on water columns drawing water all the way through xylem cells
-water continues to enter root by osmosis |
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Term
| when photosynthesis occurs what opens? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
organic solutes flow from source, where water enters by osmosis to sinks, where food is utilized and water exits
-phloem loading
water potential decreases and water enters by osmosis
turgor pressure develops and drives fluid through sieve tubes towards sinks
food substances actively removed at sink and water exits tubes which lowers pressure
mass flow occurs from higher pressure at source to lower pressure at sink
water diffuses back into xylem |
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Term
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Definition
part of pressure-flow hypothesis
-sugar enters by active transport into sieve tubes |
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Term
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Definition
used by plants in greater amounts
i.e. N,K,Ca,P,Mg,S |
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Term
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Definition
needed in small amounts
i.e. Fe, Na, Cl, Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Mb B |
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Term
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Definition
| converts light energy to a usable form |
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Term
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Definition
| releases stored energy and facilitates growth, reproduction, development. |
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Term
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Definition
| all interrelated biochemical processes |
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Term
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Definition
| regulate metabolic activities |
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Term
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Definition
forming chemical bonds to form molecules
-photosynthesis reactions |
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Term
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Definition
breaking chemical bonds
-cellular respiration reactions |
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Term
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Definition
loss of electrons
hydrogen lost |
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Term
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Definition
gain of electrons
hydrogen gained |
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Term
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Definition
| final acceptor of electron |
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Term
| How does carbon dioxide reach chloroplasts in mesophyll cells? |
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Definition
| diffusing through stomata |
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Term
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Definition
| source of electrons in photosynthesis |
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Term
| How does the plant adapt to too much light or too little water? |
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Definition
| stomata close & reduce supply of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| how much radiant energy received on earth is in form of visible light? |
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Definition
| 40% (green light reflected) |
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