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movement of a chromosome piece to another chromosome location
discovered by Barbara McClintock in 1950s |
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aka jumping genes
genes/small DNA fragments that can move to a new location
can disrupt function of a gene or restore its original function (used to research gene function) |
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| 2 types of molecules that make up chromosomes |
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| nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group |
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purines (adenine and guanine)
-molecule w/ 2 linked rings
pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine)
-molecule w/ single ring |
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Definition
nucleotides bonded to each other forming a ladder twisted into a helix
sides of helix composed of alternating sugar & phosphate groups
rungs of ladder = hydrogen bonds between bases on each side of helix
purines pair w/ pyrimidines (G-C & A-T) |
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| through sequences of nucleotides |
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| segment of DNA that directs protein synthesis |
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structural or storage material
sometimes enzyme |
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| sum total of DNA in an organism's chromosomes |
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| During what stage of cell cycle does DNA replication occur? |
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Definition
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Definition
-strands of double helix unzip into 2 separate strands
-DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to each strand (bonding G-C and A-T) |
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Term
| semi-conservative replication |
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Definition
| term used to describe DNA replication's use of one strand of original molecule to form a new molecule |
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| 2 processes involved in expression of info |
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Definition
| transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
-1st process of expression
-copy of gene message made from DNA template using RNA building blocks
-produces 2 types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) |
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Definition
| molecule that contains ribose instead of deoxyribose; single stranded; uracil instead of thymine |
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-2nd process of expression
-RNA translated to produce proteins
-occurs in cytoplasm
-anticodon of tRNA binds to mRNA codon
-start of translation signaled by a ribosome in cytoplasm bonding to mRNA; codon AUG sets reading frame |
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Definition
part of transcription
nucleotides added to a single stranded DNA molecule by RNA polymerase
only portions of the genome are transcribed
remainder is noncoding DNA |
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change in DNA sequence
responsible for all genetic variability |
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Definition
agents that alter DNA sequences
(UV light, ionizing radiation, some chemicals) |
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| occurs in tissues that will produce sex cells |
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| study of chromosome behavior & structure from a genetic point of view |
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Definition
chromosomal piece breaks and reinserts in opposite orientation
inverted regions aren't rearranged by meiosis and are inherited in blocks |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomal piece breaks off and attaches to another chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| carries 1 or more extra chromosome or is missing 2 or more chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
has at least 1 complete extra set of chromosomes
caused by meiosis failing to halve the chromosome number, resulting in 2N gametes
often larger or have higher yield
examples = cotton, potatoes, peanuts, wheat, oats, strawberries, sugar cane |
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Term
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Definition
pioneer of genetics
crossed tall and short pea plants in 1860s |
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parent generation
1 tall, 1 short parent |
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Definition
offspring of parental generation
all offspring were tall |
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offspring of F1 plants
ratio of 3 tall to 1 short |
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Definition
| factors (alleles) that occur in pairs control inheritance of various characteristics |
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| fixed position of a gene on homologous chromosomes |
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| dominant may mask the expression of the recessive |
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| genetic info responsible for phenotype |
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| both alleles identical (TT, tt) |
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| F1 plants intercrossed to produce F2 generation |
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| starts with parents differing in 2 traits |
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| law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| factors controlling 2 or more traits segregate independently of each other |
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| genes on different chromosomes |
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cross between a hybrid and one of its parents
can be used to test inheritance theory |
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Definition
cross between a plant w/ dominant phenotype w/ homozygous recessive plant
determines whether dominant plant is homozygous or heterozygous |
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Term
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Definition
absence of dominance
heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype to the 2 homozygotes |
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Term
| how does genotype control phenotype? |
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Definition
dominant allele codes for protein that catalyzes reaction, producing phenotype
recessive all represents mutant form (can't catalyze reaction and doesn't produce functional product) |
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Term
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Definition
exhibit range of phenotypes rather than discrete phenotypes studied by Mendel
includes traits like fruit yield and days to flowering
under identical environments: phenotypes differ to genetics
identical plants' phenotypes differ due to different environments |
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Term
| quantitative trait loci (QTL) |
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Definition
chromosomal fragments associated with quantitative traits
contain genes that influence trait and behave like Mendelian genes |
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Term
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Definition
in mitochondria and chloroplasts
endosymbiosis theory
-mitochondria & chloroplasts were free living bacteria and est. a relationship with cells of organisms
-DNA of bacteria is similar to DNA in mitochondria & chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
genes passed on only by female
sometimes caused because sperm rarely carry mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
proportions of dominant alleles to recessive alleles in a large, random mating population will remain same from generation to generation in absence of forces that change them
p2 + 2(pq) + q2 = 1
p + q = 1 |
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Term
| forces that can change proportions of dominant to recessive alleles |
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Definition
| small populations & selection |
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Term
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| accumulation of genetic changes in populations of living organisms through generations |
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| tendency of organisms with favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and produce new generations |
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Definition
artificial selection (breeding)
agricultural systems (ex: insect resistance to insecticides) |
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Definition
applies evolutionary principles to the way in which we treat illness (ex: evolution of bacteria obtaining genetic ability to overcome antibiotics)
involves discovery through evolutionary research of natural compounds that may be useful in medicine |
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| uses evolutionary principles to understand species expansion or contraction in response to changing environments |
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| natural selection favors reproduction in these plants where there are no natural pests/herbivores |
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| foreign genes introduced into plants through genetic engineering |
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| result of gene exchange between crop plants and their wild relatives? |
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Definition
| herbicide resistant weeds |
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Definition
arranged organisms from simplest to most complex, called "scale of nature"
implied that organisms were static and didn't evolve |
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Definition
| observed that some fossils represent previously existing organisms that are now extinct |
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Definition
described all known plants and animals
presented evidence that organisms change across generations |
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Term
| when evolutionary ideas became prominent? |
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Definition
by end of 18th century many biologists believed there were hereditary changes over long periods of time
major revolutions have occured in last 150 years |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics acquired during life were passed on and became cumulative |
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Term
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Definition
evolution by natural selection (Origin of Species)
led the "First Revolution"
volunteered as naturalist/Captain's companion on HMS beagle to chart world coastlines
influenced by Lyell's book that said earth was older than previously thought
collected plants and animals in South America, Galapagos islands, Australia, and New Zealand
influenced by Malthus' population growth ideas
presented joint paper on natural selection w/ Alfred Wallace before Origin of Species |
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Term
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Definition
| modern synthesis: theories of natural selection, Mendelian genetics, and population genetics intersect to provide more understanding |
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Term
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Definition
all evolutionary phenomena can be explained through genetic mechanisms and observational evidence
evolution is gradual
natural selection is main mechanism of change; object of selection is resulting phenotype
role of genetic drift is uncertain
ideas are primarily thought of on a population level, not individual level
genetic diversity and ecological factors are key factors of evolution
ability to explain micro to macro evolutionary history is necessary |
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Definition
| characteristic shared by different organisms with common ancestry |
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Definition
| similarities not due to common ancestry |
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Definition
relationship/structure of proteins, DNA, and other molecules
common use of ATP
fossil record
geographical distribution of organisms |
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| Darwin's basis for natural selection |
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Definition
overproduction of offspring
competition
inheritance/accumulation of favorable traits
survival of the fittest |
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Term
| main criticism for natural selection in Darwin's time |
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Definition
| didn't explain how variations originated |
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Term
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Definition
change in gene or chromosome
at least one nucleotide pair changes
most are harmful but some are helpful |
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Term
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Definition
| part of chromosome breaks off |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of chromosome becomes attached to another |
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Term
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Definition
| part of chromosome breaks off and then reattaches in an inverted position |
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Term
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Definition
| gene flow between populations when individuals or gametes migrate from one population to another |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in genetic makeup of a population due to random events |
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Term
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Definition
aka: allopatric speciation
isolation of populations prevents gene flow
random mutations only spread through population in which they arise
genetic changes become so great that gene flow between populations can no longer occur |
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Term
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Definition
factors that contribute to isolation include climate, soil, and time
results in sympatric species that occupy overlapping ranges of territories but don't exchange genes |
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Term
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Definition
example = pollinia of orchids
sperm chemically/mechanically prevented from reaching egg
postzygotic isolation mechanisms (failure of embryos to develop, failure of hybrids to survive/breed) |
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Term
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Definition
offspring produced by parents that differ in one of more characteristics
often sterile because chromosomes don't pair properly at meiosis
sterile hybrids may reproduce asexually
may result in better gene combos for new environments |
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Term
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Definition
occurrence of double the normal chromosome number due to meiosis failure in halving chromosome number
if formed in hybrid then chromosomes can pair and overcome sterility (thought that more than half of flowering plants originated this way) |
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Definition
production of seeds without ferilization
combo of this and sexual reproduction may be highly successful |
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| "evolution is incompatible with biblical account of creation" |
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| accepts much evidence for evolution but don't believe it's possible cells arose by chance alone |
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