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Definition
| An organic compound consisting of a chain of carbon atoms which hydrogen and oxygen are attached in a 2:1 ratio; examples are sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose. |
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Definition
| A simple sugar, such as five-carbon and six-carbon sugars, that cannot be dissociated into smaller sugar particles. |
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Definition
| A carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules linked by a covalent bond; sucrose is an example. |
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Definition
| A polymer composed of many monosaccharide units joined in a long chain, such as glycogen, starch, and cellulose. |
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Definition
| Splitting of one molecule into two by addition of the H+ and OH- ions of water. |
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Definition
| The synthesis of a compound or moelcule involving the removal of water; also called a condensation reaction. |
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Definition
| A complex insoluble carbohydrate; the chief food storage substance of plants; composed of a thousand or more glucose units. |
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Definition
| A carbohydrate similar to starch that serves as the reserve food in bacteria, fungi, and most organisms other than plants. |
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller units. |
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| A carbohydrate; the chief component of the cell wall in plants and some protists, and most prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| A tough, resistant, nitrogen-containing polysaccharide forming the cell walls of certain fungi, the exoskeleton of arthropods, and the epidermal cuticle of other surface structures of certain protists and animals. |
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| One of a large variety of nonpolar organic molecules that are insoluble in water (which is polar) but dissolve readily in nonpolar organic solvents; lipids include fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids, and carotenoids. |
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| A phosphorylated lipid; similar in structure to a fat, but with only two fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone, with the third space occupied by a phosphorous-containing molecule; important components of cellular membranes. |
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Definition
| Fatty substance deposited in many plant cell walls and on outer surface of epidermal cell walls, where it forms a layer known as the cuticle. |
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| A complex organic compound composed of many (100 or more) amino acids joined by peptide bonds. |
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Definition
| Nitrogen containing organic acids, the units, or "building blocks," from which protein molecules are built. |
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| An organic acid consisting of joined nucleotide complexes; the two types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). |
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Definition
| A single unit of nucleic acid, composed of a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a purine or a pyrimidine. |
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Term
| ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) In hydrolysis, ATP loses one phosphate to become adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing usable energy. |
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Definition
| A nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups; the major source of usable chemical energy in metabolism. |
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Definition
| Molecules that are restricted in their distribution, both within the plant and among different plants; important for the survival and propagation of the plants that produce them; there are three major classes --- alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics. Also called secondary products. |
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| Bitter-tasting nitrogenous compounds that are basic (alkaline) in their chemical properties; includes morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and atropine. |
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| A broad range of compounds, all of which have a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring (a ring of six carbons containing three double bonds); includes flavonoids, tannins, lignins, and salicyclic acid. |
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Definition
| Phenolic compounds; water-soluble pigments present in the vacuoles of plant cells; those found in the red wines and grape juice have been reported to lower cholesterol levels in the the blood. |
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Definition
| One of the most important constituents of the secondary wall of vascular plants, although not all secondary walls contain it. 2nd most abundant plant polymer (after cellulose). |
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Definition
| The protoplasm of an individual cell; in plants, the unit of protoplasm inside the cell wall. |
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Definition
| A space or cavity within the cytoplasm filled with a watery fluid, the cell sap; a lysosomal compartment. |
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Definition
| Organelle in the cells of certain groups of eukaryotes that is the site of such as activities as food manufacture and storage; are bounded by two membrances. |
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Definition
| A plastid in which chlorophylls are contained; the site of photosynthesis. Occur in plants and algae. |
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Definition
| A saclike membranous structure in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of eukaryotic organisma; in chloroplasts, stacks form grana; chlorophylls are found within them. |
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Definition
| Stacks of thylakoids. Structures within chloroplasts, seen as green granules with a light microscope and as a series of stacked thylakoids with an electron microscope; the grana contain the chlorophylls and carotenoids and are the sites of the light reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| (Anything spread out) The ground substance of plastids. |
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Definition
| A plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments. |
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Definition
| A colorless plastid; leucoplasts are commonly centers of starch formation. |
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Definition
| The rigid outermost layer of the cells found in plants, some protists, and most prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| A threadlike component of the cell wall, composed of cellulose molecules, visible only with the electron microscope. |
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Definition
| A polysaccharide resembling cellulose but more soluble and less ordered; found particularly in cell walls. |
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Definition
| A highly hydrophilic polysaccharide present in the intercellular layer and primary wall of plant cell walls; the basis of fruit jellies. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The wall layer deposited during the period of cell expansion. |
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Definition
| Innermost layer of the cell wall, formed in certain cells after cell elongation has ceased; secondary walls have a highly organized microfibrillar structure. |
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Definition
| A recessed cavity in a cell wall where the secondary wall does not form. |
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Definition
| The minute cytoplasmic threads that extend through openings in cell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells. |
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Definition
| The diffusion of water, or any solvent, across a selectively permeable membrane; in the absence of other forces, the movement of water during this process will always be from a region of greater water potential to one of lesser water potential. |
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Definition
| The net movement of suspended or dissolved particles from a more concentrated region to a less concentrated region as a result of the random movement of individual molecules; the process tends to distribute such particles uniformly throughout a medium. |
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Definition
| Non-energy-requiring transport of a solute across a membrane down the concentration or electrochemical gradient by either simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion. |
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Definition
| Passive transport with the assistance of carrier proteins. |
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Definition
| Energy-requiring transport of a solute across a membrane in the direction of increasing concentration (against the concentration gradient). |
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Definition
| The uptake of material into cells by means of invagination of the plasma membrane; if solid material is involved it is describing this process. |
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Definition
| The uptake of material into cells by means of invagination of the plasma membrane; if dissolved material is involved it is describing this process. |
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Definition
| A protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy, but is unaltered itself in the process; a biological catalyst |
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Definition
| The foundation to which an organism is attached; the substance acted on by an enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of an enzyme surface that binds the substrate during the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control mechanism whereby an increase in the concentration of some molecule inhibits the further synthesis of that molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intracellular process in which molecules, particularly pyruvate in the citric acid cycle, are oxidized with the release of energy. The complete breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water is termed aerobic respiration, although the first steps of this process are anaerobic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double-membrane-bounded organelle found in eukaryotic cells; contains the enzymes of the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain; the major source of ATP in nonphotosynthetic cells. |
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Term
| Electron transport (chain) |
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Definition
| The movement of electrons down a series of electron carrier molecules that hold electrons at slightly different energy levels; as electrons move down the chain, the energy released is used to form ATP from ADP and phosphate. It plays an essential role in the final stage of cellular respiration and in teh light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. |
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Term
| Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle |
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Definition
| The series of reactions that results in the oxidation of pyruvate to hydrogen atoms, electrons, and carbon dioxide. The elecrtons, passed along electron-carrier molecules, then go through the oxidative phosphorylation and terminal oxidation processes. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| The green pigment of plant cells, which is the receptor of light energy in photosynthesis; also found in algae and photosynthetic bacteria. |
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Definition
| A class of fat-soluble pigments that includes the carotenes (yellow and orange pigments) and the xanthophylls (yellow pigments); found in chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants. They act as accessory pigments in photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| The series of enzymatically mediated photosynthetic reactions during which carbon dioxide is reduced to 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and the carbon dioxide acceptor, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, is regenerated. For every three molecules of carbon dioxide entering the cycle, a net gain of one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate results. |
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Term
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Definition
| In chloroplasts, the light-induced flow of electrons originating from and returning to Photosystem 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| The light-induced flow of electrons from water to NADP+ in oxygen-evolving photosynthesis; it involves both photosystems 1 and 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes initial reaction of the Calvin Cycle, involving the fixation of carbon dioxide to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). |
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Definition
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Definition
| The oxygenase activity of Rubisco combined with the salvage pathway, consuming O2 and releasing CO2; occurs when Rubisco binds O2 instead of CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| A spherical, single membrane-bounded organelle, ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 1.5 micrometers; some are involved in photorespiration, and others (called glyoxysomes) with the conversion of fats to sugars during seed germination; also called microbodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ground tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, located between the layers of epidermis; the cells generally contain chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer or layers of cells surrounding a vascular bundle; may consist of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells, or both. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that employ only the Calvin Cycle , or C3 pathway, in the fixation of CO2; the first stable product is the three-carbon compound 3-phosphoglycerate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of reactions through which carbon dioxide is fixed to a compound known as phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to yield oxaloacetate, a four-carbon compound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants in which the first product of CO2 fixation is a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate); both the Calvin Cycle (C3 pathway) and C4 pathway are employed by these plants. |
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Term
| CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) |
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Definition
| A variant of the C4 pathway; phosphoenolpyruvate fixes CO2 in C4 compounds at night then, during the daytime, the fixed CO2 is transferred to the ribulose bisphosphate of the Calvin Cycle within the same cell. Characteristic of most succulent plants, such as cacti. |
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| A clear, fluid-filled vacuole in some groups of protists that takes up water within the cell and then contracts, expelling its contents from the cell. |
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Definition
| A brownish carotenoid found in brown algae and chrysophytes. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| An important polysaccharide component of brown algal cell walls; used as a stabilizer and emulsifier for some foods and for paint. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The members of the phyla of nonvascular plants; the mosses, hormworts, and liverworts. |
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Definition
| In plants that have an alternation of generations, the haploid (n), gamete-producing generation, or phase. |
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Definition
| The spore-producing, diploid (2n) phase in a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations. |
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Definition
| A multicellular structure in which a single egg is produced; found in the bryophytes and some vascular plants. |
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Definition
| A sperm-producing structure that may be multicellular or unicellular. |
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Definition
| A nonmotile female gamete, usually larger than a male gamete of the same species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature male gamete, usually motile and smaller than the female gamete. |
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Definition
| Having only one set of chromosomes (n), in contrast to diploid (2n). |
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Definition
| Having two sets of chromosomes; the 2n chromosome number is characteristic of the sporophyte generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reproductive cell, usually unicellular, capable of developing into an adult without fusion with another cell. |
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Definition
| Having only one kind of spore. |
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Definition
| Having two kinds of spores, designated as microspores and megaspores. |
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Definition
| In heterosporous plants, a spore that develops into a male gametophyte. |
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Definition
| In heterosporous plants, a haploid (n) spore that develops into a female gametophyte; in most groups, they are larger than microspores. |
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Definition
| A more or less horizontal underground stem. |
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| Bryophyte (known as peat) |
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Definition
| In mosses, the lid of the sporangium. |
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Definition
| A sphagnum moss used for commerically used for gardening and burning |
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Definition
| The water-conducting cells of the moss hadrom; they resemble the tracheary elements of vascular plants except that they lack specialized wall thickenings. |
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Definition
| The food-conducting cells associated with the hydroids of some moss gametophytes and sporophytes; they resemble the sieve elements of some seedless vascular plants. |
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Definition
| Sporophyte Dominant and Independent |
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Definition
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Definition
| The simplest type of stele, consisting of a solid column of vascular tissue. |
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Definition
| A sporangium that arises from several initial cells and, before maturation, forms a wall of more than one layer of cells. |
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Definition
| A sporangium that arises from a single initial cell and whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The leaf of a fern; any large, divided leaf. |
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Definition
| A generally large leaf with several to many veins; its leaf trace or traces is/are associated with a leaf gap (in ferns) and a leaf trace gap (in seed plants); in contrast to microphyll. |
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Term
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Definition
| As in ferns, the coiled arrangement of leaves and leaflets in the bud; such an arrangement uncoils gradually as the leaf develops further. |
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Definition
| In homosporous vascular plants, such as ferns, the more or less independent, photosynthetic gametophyte; also called the prothallium. |
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Definition
| A primary division, or leaflet, of a compound leaf or frond; may be divided into pinnules. |
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Definition
| Membranous growth of the epidermis of a fern leaf that covers a sorus. |
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Definition
| A hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in whcih spores are produced. |
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Definition
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Definition
| M & S- Houses nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria and are used to increase nitrogen input to rice patties. |
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Definition
| M & S- Reproductive structure and drought resistant for up to 100 years |
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Definition
| (1)An elongated, spindle-shaped, sterile cell in the sporangium of a liverwort sporophyte (aids in spore dispersal); (2) clubbed, hygroscopic bands attached to the spores of the horsetails. |
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Term
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Definition
| A seed plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovary; the conifers are the most familiar group; not a monophyletic group. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the ovules of seed plants, the opening in the integuments through which the pollen tube usually enters. |
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Definition
| The outermost layer or layers of tissue enveloping the nucellus of an ovule; develops into the seed coat. |
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Definition
| A young sporophytic plant, before the start of a period of rapid growth (germination in seed plants). |
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Definition
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Definition
| The outer layer of the seed, developed from the integuments of the ovule. |
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Definition
| A tube formed after germination of the pollen grain; carries the male gametes into the ovule. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Includes 3 Plants: Gentum, Ephedra, Welwitchia (The most flower like of gymnosperms) Transition plant. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| A bundle of pine leaves or other needlelike leaves of gymnosperms; an obsolete term for a vascular bundle. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A minute opening, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leaves and stems through which gases pass; also used to refer to the entire stomatal apparatus ---the guard cells plis their included pore. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairs of specialized epidermal cells surrounding a pore, or stoma; changes in the turgor of a pair of guard cells cause opening and closing of the pore. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tubelike intercellular space lined with resin-secreting cells (epithelial cells) and containing resin. |
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Definition
| A reproductive structure consisting of a number of modified leaves (sporophylls) or ovule-bearing scales grouped terminally on a stem; a cone. They occur in many kinds of gymnosperms, lycophytes and sphenophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collective term for pollen grains. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sterile cell or cells found in the male gametophytes, or microgametophytes, of vascular plants other than angiosperms; believed to be remnants of the vegetative tissue of the male gametophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) In many gymnosperms, the cell cell of the male gametophyte that divides to form the sterile and spermatogenous cells; (2) in angiosperms, the cell of the male gametophyte that divides to form two sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner part of an ovule, in which the embryo sac develops; equivalent to a megaporangium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollen sticks to this when its exuded from the micropyle. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Shedding leaves at a certain season. |
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Definition
| Contain large leathery leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain small scale like leaves that resemble equisitales |
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Definition
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Definition
| Literally, a seed borne in a vessel (carpel); thus one of a group of plants who seeds are borne within a mature ovary (fruit). |
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Definition
| The reproductive structure of angiosperms; a complete flower includes calyx, corolla, androecium (stamens), and gynoecium (carpels), but all flowers contain at least one stamen or one carpel. |
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Term
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Definition
| In angiosperms, a mature, ripened ovary (or group of ovaries), containing the seeds, together with any adjacent parts that may be fused with it at maturity; sometimes applied informally, and misleadingly, as in "fruiting body," to the reproductive structures of other kinds of organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fusion of the egg and sperm (resulting in a 2n fertilized egg, the zygote) and the simultaneous fusion of the second male gamete with the polar nuclei (typically resulting in a 3n primary endosperm nucleus); a unique characteristic of all angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parallel Veination and Flower parts in 3's |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of venation in which the principal veins of the leaf are parallel or nearly so; characteristic of monocots. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary growth, netted veination, and flower parts in 4's and 5's. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrangement of veins in the leaf blade that resembles a net; characteristic of the leaves of angiosperms except monocots; also called reticulate venation. |
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Definition
| An organism that lives on or in an organism of a different species and derives nutrients from it; the association is beneficial to the ******** and harmful to the host. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that secures it food directly from nonliving organic matter; also called a saprobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower cluster, with a definite arrangement of flowers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stalk of an inflorescence or of a solitary flower. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stalk of an individual flower in a inflorescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the axis of a flower stalk that bears the floral organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the outermost flower structures; a unit of the calyx; they usually enclose the other flower parts in the bud. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower part, usually conspicuously colored; one of the unts of the corolla. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sepals collectively; the outermost flower whorl. |
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Term
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Definition
| The petals collectively; usually the conspicuously colored flower whorl. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) The petals and sepals taken together; (2) in leafy liverworts, a tubular sheath surrounding an archegonium, and later, the developing sporophyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the flower producing the pollen, composed (usually) of anther and filament; collectively, the they make up the androecium. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) The stalk of a stamen; (2) a term used to descrbe the threadlike bodies or segments of certain algae or fungi. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pollen-bearing portion of a stamen. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the members of the gynoecium, or inner floral whorl each one encloses one or more ovules. One or more of these form a gynoecium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or a group of fused carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) The region of a carpel that serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains and on which they germinate; (2) a light-sensitive, pigmented structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows. |
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Term
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Definition
| The enlarged basal portion of a carpel or of a gynoecium composed of fused carpels; a mature one, sometimes with other adherent parts, is a fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cavity within a sporangium or a cavity of the ovary in which ovules occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower having both stamens and carpels; hermaphroditic flower. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flower lacking either stamens or carpels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongated living cell with unevenly thickened, non-lignified primary cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflorescence, the main axis of which is branched, and whose branches bear loose flower clusters. |
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Term
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Definition
| An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis is elongated and the flowers are sessile. |
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Term
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Definition
| An indeterminate inflorescence in which the main axis is elongated but the flowers are borne on pedicels that are about equal in length. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An inflorescence, the individual pedicels of which all arise from the apex of the peduncle. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A spikelike inflorescence of unisexual flowers; found only in woody plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Placentation(ovules attach to the outside) |
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Term
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Definition
| The upper angle between a twig or leaf and the stem from which it grows. |
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Term
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Definition
| Placentation(ovules do not attach to the outside) |
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Term
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Definition
| Floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the margin of a cup-shaped extension of the receptacle; superficially, the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to be attached to the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of floral organization in which the sepals, petals, and stamens apparently grow from the top of the ovary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure in seed plants containing the female gametophyte with egg cell, all being surrounded by the nucellus and one or two integuments, when mature, it becomes a seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer wall layer of a spore or pollen grain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner wall layer of a spore or pollen grain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tough substance of which the exine, or outer wall, of spores and pollen grains is composed; a cyclic alcohol highly resistant to decay. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two nuclei (usually), one derived from each end (pole) of the embryo sac, which become centrally located; they fuse with a male nucleus to form the primary (typically 3n) endosperm nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Three (sometimes more) cells of the mature embryo sac, located at the end opposite the micropyle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two short-lived cells lying close to the egg in the mature embryo sac of the ovule of flowering plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tissue, containing stored food, that develops from the union of a male nucleus and the polar nuclei of the central cell; it is digested by the growing sporophyte either before or after the maturation of the seed; found only in angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tissue derived from the apical meristem; of three kinds: protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissues other than the vascular tissues, the epidermis and the periderm; also called fundamental tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The outer covering tissue of the plant; the epidermis or the periderm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ground-tissue region of a stem or root bounded externally by the epidermis and internally by the vascular system; a primary tissue region; also used to refer to the peripheral region of a cell protoplast. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ground tissue occupying the center of the stem or root within the vascular cylinder; usually consistsof parenchyma. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost layer of cells of the leaf and of young stems and roots; primary in origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Living, generally thin-walled cell of variable size and form; the most abundant kind of cells in plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized parenchyma cell with wall ingrowths that increase the surface area of the plasma membrane; apparently functions in the short-distance transfer of solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell of variable form and size with more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls; may or may not be living at maturity; includes fibers and sclereids. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elongated, tapering, generally thick-walled sclerenchyma cell of vascular plants; its walls may or may not be lignified; it may or may not have a living protoplast at maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sclerenchyma cell with a thick, lignified secondary wall having many pits. Thay are variable in form but typically not very long; they may or may not be living at maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex vascular tissue through which most of the water and minerals of a plant are conducted, characterized by the presence of tracheary elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the cells composing a vessel; also called vessel member. |
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Term
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Definition
| An elongated, thick-walled conducting and supporting cellof xylem. It has tapering ends and pitted walls without perforations, as contrasted with a vessel element. Found in nearly all vascular plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetically controlled, or programmed, series of changes in a living cell or organism that lead to its death. |
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Term
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Definition
| The food conducting tissue of vascular plants, which is composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclereids. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long, slender sieve element with relatively unspecialized sieve areas and with tapering end walls that lack sieve plates; found in the phloem of gymnosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the wall of sieve-tube elements bearing one or more highly differentiated sieve areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain ray and axial parenchyma cells in gymnosperm phloem that are spatially and functionally associated with the sieve cells; also called Strasburger cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the component cells of a sieve tube; found primarily in flowering plants and typically associated with a companion cell; also called sieve tube member. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube element in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube element. |
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Term
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Definition
| An epidermal cell morphologically distinct from other epidermal cells and associated with a pair of guard cells; also called an accessory cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| An outgrowth of the epidermis, such as a hair, scale, or water vesicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A secondary tissue produced by a cork cambium; made up of polygonal cells, nonliving at maturity, with suberized cell walls, which are resistant to the passage of gases and water vapor; the outer part of the periderm. Also called phellem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork (phellem) toward the surface (outside) of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside; common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms. Also called phellogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tissue formed inwardly by the cork cambium, opposite the cork; inner part of the periderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary root of a plant formed in direct continuation with the root tip or radicle of the embryo; forms a stout, tapering main root from which arise smaller, lateral roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| In monocots, primary root dies and all roots grow out of the stem. Prevents erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thimblelike mass of cells that covers and protects the growing tip of a root. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slime sheath covering the surface of many roots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root. |
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Term
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Definition
| The response of a shoot or root to the pull of the Earth's gravity; also called geotropism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The layer of soil bound to the root by the mucigel and root hairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of substances through the interconnected protoplasts and their plasmodesmata. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of substances via the cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A bandlike region of primary wall containing suberin and lignin; found in anticlinal---radial and transverse---walls of endodermal and exodermal cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A single layer of cells forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; the endodermal cells are characterized by a Casparian strip within radial and transverse walls. In roots and stems of seed plants, the this is the innermost layer of the cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer layer, one or more cells in depth, of the cortex in some roots; these cells are characterized by Casarian strips within the raial and transverse walls. Following the development of Casparian strips, a suberin lamella is deposited on all walls of this. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer of cellular membranes, particularly photosynthetic, chlorophyll-containing membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adventitious roots arising from the stem above soil level and helping to support the plant; common in many monocots, for example, maize. |
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Term
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Definition
| Negatively gravitropic extensions of the root systems of some trees growing in swampy habitats; they grow upward and out of the water and probably function to ensure adequate aeration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic plants kill xylem to make air holes in roots. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the stem where one or more leaves are attached. |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of a stem between two successive nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) An embryonic shoot, often protected by young leaves; (2) a vegetative outgrowth of yeasts and some bacteria as a means of asexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylindrical sheath of meristematic cells, the division of which produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An undivided leaf; as opposed to a compound leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| The broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Attached directly by the base; referring to a leaf lacking a petiole or to a flower or fruit lacking a pedicel. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) The base of a leaf that wraps around the stem, as in grasses; (2) a tissue layer surrounding another tissue, such as a bundle sheath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains petiole, leaflets, no rachis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains petiole and rachis between leaflets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each leaflet is subdivided into smaller leaflets; and, therefore, twice. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main axis of a spike; the axis of a fern leaf (frond), from which the pinnae arise; in compound leaves, the extension of the petiole corresponding to the midrib of an entire leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stem containing leaflets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that depends on an abundant supply of moisture or that grows wholly or partly submerged in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that has adapted to arid habitats. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf tissue composed of columnar chloroplast bearing parenchyma cells with their long axes at right angles to the leaf surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| A leaf tissue composed of loosely arranged, chloroplast-bearing cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large epidermal cell present, with other such cells, in longitudinal rows in grass leaves; also called motor cell. Believed to be involved with the mechanism of rolling and unrolling of the leaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large palisade parenchyma cells and thick cuticle layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small palisade parenchyma cells and thin cuticle layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains 2 layers; Separation and Protective layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Scab" Contains small cells with thin cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains small cells with thick cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that control other genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified leaf or part of a leaf or stem modified into a slender coiling structure that aids in support of the stems; occur only in some angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch resembling a foliage leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hard, sharp-pointed structure; usually a modified leaf, or part of a leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hard, woody, pointed branch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neither leaf, nor stem (branch), but projections like roses |
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Term
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Definition
| An enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem, such as that of the potato. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short underground stem covered by enlarged or fleshy leaf bases containing stored food. |
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Term
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Definition
| In plants, growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium; secondary growth results in an increase in girth, and is contrasted with primary growth, which results in an increase in length. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant whose life cycle is completed in a single growing season. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant that normally requires two growing seasons to complete its life cycle, flowering and fruiting in its second year. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant in which the vegetative structures live year after year. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Spongy areas in the cork surfaces of stem, roots, and other plant parts that allow interchange of gases between internal tissues and the atmosphere through the periderm; occur in vascular plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| In older trees, the living part of the bark; the bark inside the innermost periderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| In older trees, the dead part of the bark; the innermost periderm and all tissues outside it; also called rhytidome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A name commonly applied to the wood of a magnoliid or eudicot tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| A name commonly applied to the wood of a conifer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first-formed wood of a growth increment; it contains larger cells and is less dense than the subsequently formed late wood; replaces the term "spring wood." |
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Term
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Definition
| The last part of the growth increment formed in the growing season; it contains smaller cells an is denser than the early woo; replaces the term "summer wood." |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonliving and commonly dark-colored wood in which no water transport occurs; it is surrounded by sapwood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer part of the wood of stem or trunk, usually distinguished from the heartwood by its lighter color, in which conduction of water takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal wood that develops in leaning trunks and limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reaction wood of conifers; develops on the lower sides of leaning trunks or limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reaction wood of angiosperms; develops on the upper side of leaning trunks and limbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attach and holds when cutting |
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Term
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Definition
| Falls off and leave nasty hole in hardwood floors. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure within the cell resulting from the movement of water into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant hormone that brings about dormancy in buds, maintains dormancy in seeds, and brings about stomatal closing, among other effects. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The radial orientation of cellulose microfibrils in guard cell walls; plays a role in the movement of guard cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of water vapor by plant parts; usually occurs most through stomata. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Air bubble in vessel elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure developed in roots as the result of osmosis, which causes guttation of water from leaves and exudation from cut stumps. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exudation of liquid water from leaves caused by root pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of H20 by a plant from lower wet areas and redistributed to upper drier areas. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Growing tissues, storage areas, damaged areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The flow of assimilates, or food materials, in the phloem; moves from source to sink. |
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Definition
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