Term
| What are the functions of roots? |
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Definition
To anchor the plant
To absorb nutrients and water
To store starches the plant produces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous root and Adventitious root |
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Term
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Definition
| Thimble shapped mass of parenchyma cells covering the tip of each root to protect the root as it pushes through the soil |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of an apical meristem and produces the root cap.
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Term
| Apical Meristem: Protoderm |
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Definition
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Term
| Apical Meristem: Ground Meristem |
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Definition
| Produces parenchyma cells of the cortex |
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Term
| Apical Meristem: Procambium |
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Definition
| Produces primary xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| root cells lengthen several times their original size. Vacolues within the cels grow to occupy over 90% of the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Also called region of differentiation or root hair zone. Root hair, as part of the root's epidermis, appear and help the plant absorb, store, and support the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| ring of parachyma cells between the epidermis and the endodermis and store food |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a single layer cylinder of compactly arranged cells that are laced with lignin and suberin |
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Term
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Definition
| bands of lignin and suberin to waterproof the root's stele |
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Term
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Definition
| where the xylem and phloem can be found in the root |
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Term
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Definition
where lateral roots start
lined the inside of the endodermis |
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Term
| Cross in the stele of the root |
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Definition
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Term
| A ring of xylem around the inside of the stele |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In Woody plants, this develops to produce cork (Periderm). Is laced with lignin and suberin to help waterproof |
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Term
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Definition
is a secondary growth in woody plants.
Monocots have no secondary growth, so no cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| growth the will STOP after a flower is produced or the plant reaches a certain size |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in trees and other perinnials where new tissue is added indefinitely |
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Term
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Definition
| Food and water storage, propagative, pneumatophores, aerial, contractile, buttress, parasitic |
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Term
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Definition
extra cambial ccells develop in parts of the xylem of branch roots and produce large numbers of parachyma cells
ie sweet potatos, yams, water hemlock, dandelion, salsify |
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Term
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Definition
characterisic of plants that grow in aird climates or have inadequate soil to grow in
ie some members of the pumpkin family, manroots |
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Term
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Definition
vine out and produce flowers and buds. Can spread and be a garden nuisance
ie cherry, apple, pear and other fruit trees. Horseradish, rice paper plants, tree-of-heaven |
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Term
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Definition
water plants develop these spongy roots for gas regulation , resulting in leggy roots that stick out above the water.
ie black mangrove, yellow water weed
swamp plants |
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Term
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Definition
various uses include support and food production.
ie prop roots in corn, photosyntheic roots in vanilla orchid |
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Term
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Definition
| pull plant deeper into the soil for support |
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Term
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Definition
| Support roots in areas that can't support underground roots |
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Term
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Definition
use their roots to obtain food and water material.
ie dodder, broomrape, pinedrop |
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Term
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Definition
a mutual relationship between fungi and plant roots.
helps increase root surface area to absorb nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
contain nitrogen that helps balance the soil out
ie soybean |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of Food, Spices, Dyes, Drugs, and Insecticide |
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Term
| External Form of a Woody Twig |
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Definition
| Node, Internode, Leaf, and Petiole |
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Term
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Definition
| Area where the leaf is attached to the twig |
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Term
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Definition
| A stem region betwen nodes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The stalk the leaf blade is attached to |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle between a petiol and the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| makes the twig grow longer during the growing season |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages at the stem base of a leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trees and shurbs who experience seasons and have dormant stiplues after the leaves fall out |
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Term
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Definition
| mark the location of the food and water conducting tissue, leaves scars on the leaves and can identify plants during their dormant stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue in which cells actively divide and provide growth for the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny embryonic leaves that will develop into mature leaves after the bud scales fall off |
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Term
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Definition
| buds that have the ability to become branches or flowering buds for the next season |
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Term
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Definition
| trace amounts of xylem and phloem tissue that branches off to the new stem |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow bands of cells between the primary xylem and primary phloem becomes the vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| also called phellogenand produces cork cells that become laced with suberin to waterproof that plant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parachyma like cells in the cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| Stele: Protostele, Siphonosteles, and Eusteles |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a solid core of conducting tissues in which the phloem usually surrounds the xylem. Common in now extinct primitive seeds and whisk ferns, club mosses, and other relative ferns. |
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Term
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Definition
| tubulur with pith in the middle, common in ferns |
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Term
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Definition
| discreet vascular bundles of xylem and phloem, common in present day flowering plants and conifers |
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Term
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Definition
| Cotyledon, Dicotyledons (Dicot), and Monocotyledons (Monocot) |
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Term
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Definition
flowering plants that develop from seeds that have either one or two "seed leaves" attached to their embryonic stems.
seeds of pines can have up to 8 of these |
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Term
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Definition
abbr Dicots
have two cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
appr monocots
developed from a single cotyledon |
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Term
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Definition
| Woody dicotyledonous stems include tyloses, heartwood, sapwood, hardwood, softwood, and resin canals |
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Term
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Definition
| are outgrowths on parenchyma cells of xylem vessels (vascular tissue used for water and mineral transport throughout a plant). When the plant is stressed by drought or infection, tyloses will fall from the sides of the cells and "dam" up the vascular tissue to prevent further damage to the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving usually darker colored wood whose ells have ceased water functioning |
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Term
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Definition
still have water conduction capabilities
lighter in color |
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Term
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Definition
| pines and cone bearing trees produce this wood because their xylem is primarily tracheids, instead of fibers or vessel elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Woody dicot trees produce this because thier xylem tissue is composed of more fibers or vessel elements than tracheids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Monocot stems have neither a vascular cambium or a cork cambium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of a living tree's weight is from its water content? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lumber, Veneer, Pulp, and Fuel |
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Term
| Specialized stems include the following: |
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Definition
| rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, corms, runners, stolons, and cladophylls |
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Term
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Definition
horizontal stems that grow below the ground often near the surface of the soil
stores food |
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Term
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Definition
| large buds that are surrounded by fleshy bulbs with a small stem at the lower end |
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Term
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Definition
| like bulbs but more stem than leaves, which are papery |
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Term
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Definition
| hortizontal stems that grow aboveground and have long internodes |
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Term
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Definition
| produced beneath the soil and tend to grow in different directions, not horizontally |
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Term
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Definition
| a node bearing small scalelike leaves with axillary buds in the center of each of these. |
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Term
| Leaves don't originate as primordia in buds. |
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Definition
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Term
| The majority of leaves have the following at maturity: |
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Definition
| Petiole, lamina, veins, stipules |
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Term
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Definition
| flattened blade that has a network of vascular bundle veins |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular bundles in the leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| leaf like thorny appendages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mulitple leaves called leaflets |
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Term
| Pinnately compund leaves look like what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pinnate leaves that have pinnate leaflets |
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Term
| Palmately compund leaves look like what? |
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Definition
| a palm, are attached at the same point on the end of the petiole. |
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Term
| What is the function of a leaf? |
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Definition
| Green leaves capture light energy by photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
help regulate waste management of the tree
guard cells regulate when the stomata works |
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Term
| Other functions of leaves include what? |
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Definition
| Waste management and Movement of water |
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Term
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Definition
| water that evaporates into the atmosphere via the leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| water pushed out of the hydathodes caused by root pressure at night when transpiration is not avilable |
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Term
| Leaves are attached to stems at nodes, with stem regions between known as internodes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement of leaves including alternate, opposite, and whorled |
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Term
| Alternate leaf arrangement |
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Definition
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Term
| Opposite leaf arrangement |
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Definition
| two leaves attached at each node along the stem |
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Term
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Definition
| 3+ leaves at each node along a stem |
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Term
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Definition
| how the vascular bundle veins are arranged in a leaf |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three regions of the internal structure of a leaf? |
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Definition
| Epidermis, mesophyll, and veins (vascular bundles) |
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Term
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Definition
| single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf |
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Term
| Lower epidermis typicalled has thinner layer of cutin and is performated by numerous stomata. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stomata are bordered by two guard cells that regulate when the stomata is open or closed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stomata guard cells are not filled with chlorophyll |
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Definition
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Term
| Most photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll between the two epidermis layers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains more than 80 percent of chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| filled with air pockets and some chloroplasts |
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Term
| Veins are scattered throughout the leaf mesophyll |
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Definition
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Term
| Monocot leaves are different because |
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Definition
| bulliform cells on either side of main central vein and the mesophyll is uniform |
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Term
| Sun leaves vs shade leaves |
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Definition
| Sun leaves have more palisade mesophyll and can process more light energy for photosynthesis |
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Term
| Specialized leaves include the following |
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Definition
| Arid, aquatic, tendrils, spines,thorns, prickles, storage (succulent and fleshy),flower pot, window,reproductive, bracts (floral leaves), Insect trapping (pitcher plants, sundews, venus flytraps, bladderwort) |
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Term
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Definition
| developed in arid regions and have sucnken stomata, or stems may have taken over for photosynetheis entirely. Usually arid plants have leathery epidermis or fuzzy coverings |
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Term
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Definition
| does not have different mesophyll, and less xylem than phloem. |
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Term
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Definition
| help the plant climb and to support the plant entirely as it climbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
growths on the plant epidermis
(rose thorn) |
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Term
| storage (succulent and fleshy) |
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Definition
| leaves that are modified for water retention |
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Term
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Definition
| home fo the ant colonies. mutual relationship that stimules ants and plant |
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Term
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Definition
| plant is buried in the ground and window is area that sunlight can get through to the chloroplasts hidden in the armor shell of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| can produce new plants at the leaves |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Insect trapping (pitcher plants, sundews, venus flytraps, bladderwort) |
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Definition
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Term
| Chloroplasts of mature leaves contain what |
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Definition
| water soluble anthocyanins and betacyanins |
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Term
| Deciduous plants drop their leaves seasonally |
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Definition
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Term
| Abscission, abscission zone |
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Definition
| process by which leaves are shed |
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Term
| Human and ecological relevance of leaves |
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Definition
| landscaping, food, dyes, perfumes, ropes and twine, drugs, beverages, insecticides, waxes, aesthetics |
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Term
| What is sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| plant reproduces from itself, no partner DNA needed |
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Term
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Definition
one needs two, the other needs one
unique combo vs clone |
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Term
| Sexual reproduction: Meiosis |
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Definition
pro, ana, meta, tele I
II |
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Term
| Cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent |
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Definition
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Term
| Members of each PAIR of chromosomes are identical in four ways |
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Definition
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Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of meiosis? |
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Definition
| Four cells in two successful divisions ((spores)) |
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Term
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Definition
Animals: Meiosis produces gametes directly
Plants: meiosis produces spores, to make gametes |
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Term
| DNA molecules right before meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Division I: Meiosis I or Reproductive Division
Division II: Meiosis II or Equational Division |
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Term
| The points at which DNA crosses during Prophase I |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pro, Meta, Ana, Tele I
Pro, Meta, Ana, Tele II |
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Term
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Definition
Haploid (1)
Diploid (2)
Triploid (3)
Tetraploid (4)
Polyploid |
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Term
| Alteration of Generations in Plants |
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Definition
| Haploid (n): Meiosis-spore-gametophyte=gamete=Diploid (2):fertilization-zygote-sporophyte-sporocyte-Meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
Mitosis: 2n-2n=2n
Meisois: 2n-2n=1n==1n |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis and meiosis create new daughter cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Both meiosis and mitosis are required in an organism's lifestyle |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants and their relatives have three unique life cycles |
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Definition
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Term
| An Example of a haplobiotic haploid |
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Definition
| Chlamydomonas, a unicelluar alga |
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Term
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Definition
| protects the stem bud as it begins to grow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chlorophyta and Streptophyta |
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Definition
two branches in land plant evolution
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Term
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Definition
| in the streptophyte family |
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Term
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Definition
| Charales, Zygnmatale, and Coleochaetale |
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Term
| Alterations of Generations |
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Definition
| a reproductive cycle in which a haploid (n) phase, the gametophyte, produces gametes, which after fusion in the pair form a zygote, germinates and produces a diploid state (2n), the sporophyte. Spores produces by the meiotic division from the sporophyte give rise to the next round of gametophytes, nabling the cycle to start over. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a haploid multicellular adult stage in the alternation of generations during the life cycle of land plants and algae. It produces haploidgametes. It is produced from mitotic cell division of spores, which are produced by meiosis in sporophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. It develops from the zygote produced when ahaploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each cell therefore has a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent. |
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Term
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Definition
is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions.
(n) |
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Term
| three main lineages of embrophytes |
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Definition
bryophyte
tracheophyte (lycophyte and euphyllophyte)
spermatophyte (gymnosperm and angiosperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| mosses, hornworts, and liverworts |
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