Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

Gametophyte (n)-Gametes: sperm/egg

Zygote (2n)-mitosis growth

Sporophyte (2n)-specialized diploid reproductive cells

Spores (n)-mitosis, growth

Lycopods

Horsetails

Whisk ferns

Ferns

Sporangium

Sori

Indusium

Polyploidy contains more than two sets of chromosomes

Have large cells, thicker leaves, larger plant organs

Have slower growth with delayed flowering, flower over a longer period of time

Multicellular embryo already developed

Supplied with nourishment for seedling growth after germination

Protected by the seedcoat

Each archegonium contains a single egg that will be fertilized and will develop into an embryo

End up with seeds with many embryos, plant one seed get many plants

Provides a large sticky surface to catch pollen grains being distributed by the wind

The droplet dries, pulling the pollen grains into the ovule

A pollen tube develops from the tube cell and delivers the sperm to the egg

The reduced male gametophyte is a pollen grain of a gymnosperm

Pollen grain carries the sperm to the ovule, and thus motile sperm are not needed

Cycads

Ginkgo

Conifers

Gnetophytes

1) Some cells of the diploid sporophyte undergo meiosis to produces haploid spores

2) Spores undergo mitosis to produce a multicellular, haploid gametophyte

3) One or more cells of the gametophyte undergo mitosis to produce haploid sperm or egg

4) Sperm and egg combine in fertilization to produce a diploid zygote

5) The zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular, diploid sporopyte

Ti (tumor inducing) plasmids are isolated

A gene of interest is inserted into the Ti plasmid

The plasmid with the new gene is introduced into a plant cell and the foreign gene gets incorporated into the plant's genome

A whole plant is grown from that cell

The Ti plasmid is cut with a restriction enzyme, which opens up the DNA so that a gene of interest can be inserted

Gene of interest is cut with same enzyme so that they have complementary sticky ends

Two pieces of DNA are mixed together and the gene of interest inserts itself into the cut Ti plasmid

DNA ligase is added which covalently links the DNA fragments together

Crossing over between two nonsister chromatids-bivalence

Independent rotation of the bivalence on the equator during metaphase

Lettuce is a plant that grows in full sun. Red light stimulates germination and far red inhibits it. Red/Far red-no germination. Red/far red/red-germination. 

Far-red light of filtered light stimulates cell elongation, through the action of gibberellins. Plants in the shade elongate until they find enough light, the sensing of shade is perceived by the internodes, which then elongate. 

Day-neutral: plants flower at maturity independent of the photoperiod (common)

Short-day: flower at maturity if the days are shorter than some critical day length (spring/fall plants)

Long-day: flower at maturity if the days are longer than some critical day length (summer plants)

Angiosperms-tracheids and vessels

Gymnosperms-tracheids

Some bamboos are intermediate and flower about every 48 years. Bamboo flowers produce fruits, this causes an explosion in the rat population, and once the bamboo fruit is eaten, the rats turn to the cities and eat everything in sight, this results in famine for the humans

Cell Division

Cell Enlargement

Cell Maturation

Patterned differentiation of cells into tissues

Organization of tissues into organs and then the whole plant

Genetically programmed progression from a simpler to a more advanced or complex form, development of a seedling into an entire plant, homeotic genes are involved in determining the structure of plant organs.

Organic compound, produced in small amounts that is synthesized in one region and transported to another region to have its effect. Can either inhibit or promote a process. Cells need receptors for the hormones to be effective. 

Explain how cells are differentially responsive to plant hormones.  (2)

Determined by concentration of the hormone, presence or absence of receptors

List the 5 traditional plant hormones.

Auxins

Cytokinins

Gibberellins

Abscisic acid

Ethylene

The acid growth hypothesis is important for expansion of cells that have secondary cell walls.  

this theory states that the plasma membrane ATPase pumps protons into the cell wall space, where they lower the pH and activate cell wall loosening enzymes

–        one such protein is expansin which helps loosen the cell wall by breaking bonds between adjacent cellulose microfibrils

once the cell wall is loosened, solutes are placed into the vacuole and this results in water entering osmotically

–        the turgor pressure created pushes against the cell wall enlarging the cell

auxin (to grow) stimulates the cell expansion

Initiated by blue light, causes phosphorylation of a flavin-containing protein called photoprin. Starts a signal transduction pathway that results in auxin being transported to the dark side where auxin effects cell elongation, results in stem bending towards the light. Roots grow away from blue light which helps them grow into the soil.

Describe auxin transport from the apical meristem. 

auxin is often produced in apical meristems and moves down the plant through parenchyma cells surrounding the vascular bundles

auxin influx carriers are usually located at the top of cells, whereas auxin efflux carriers are usually located at the bottom of cells.  The action of these transporters moves auxin down the stem in a polar manner (explains horticultural practices)

auxin transport requires energy

Explain the roles of auxins and cytokinins in apical dominance.  

Auxins-enforces apical dominance and root formation

Cytokinin-breaks apical dominance, produces bushier plants

ABA-only one form

Autocatalytic “exponential”-one rotten apple spoils the whole bunch, stimulates its own synthesis so when a little is produced, its production increases exponentially and spreads to other regions of the plant or to other plants. 

Enforce apical dominance and root formation, stimulate stem elongation, delay senescence, establish the pattern of the vascular system and xylem formation, and are involved in lateral organ formation (leaves and axillary buds)

The aging and eventual death of plants or plant parts, when older leaves turn yellow and fall off, extended form of Programmed Cell Death that requires energy. Plant tissues are mined for everything possible before they are shed, chlorophyll is broken down and removed from the leaf via the phloem 

Auxins-inhibit axillary bud growth, stimulate root growth

Cytokinins-stimulate axillary bud growth, inhibit root growth