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Botany Exam 2
Chap 6,7,12,13,14,15
84
Plant Sciences
Undergraduate 1
03/06/2006

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Term
What is the overall reaction or equation for respiration?
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy
(glucose) (oxygen) (ATP)
Term
What are the three sets of chemical reactions that occur during the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
Definition
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Term
Phosphorylation
Definition
a reaction where phosphate is added to a compound; for example the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate (sugar with 1 phosphate on it)
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Put in Energy of Activation to convert ATP to ADP
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Put in Energy of Activation to convert ATP to ADP
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Put in Energy of Activation to convert ATP to ADP
Term
Citric Acid Cycle, enzymes
Definition
All but one of the enzymes for the citric acid cycle are in solution within the mitochondrial matrix.
Term
Products of Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
2 pyruvate --> 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + CO2 + H2O
Term
How many ATP produced by electron transport chain?
Definition
22 ATP produced
Term
Cytochromes
Definition
molecules that pass electrons on
Term
How many ATP are produced during Anaerobic fermentation?
Definition
2
Term
What 4 things perform lactate fermentation, producing lactic acid?
Definition
bacteria, fungi, protists, animal cells
Term
What 2 things perform alcohol fermentation?
Definition
yeast and plant cells. Ones that make lactic acid can't make alcohol, and vise versa
Term
Examples of the use of alcohol fermentation
Definition
bread, alcoholic beverages, CO2 creates bubbles, champagne
Term
To use proteins for energy, what do you have to do to them first?
Definition
Hydrolyze them into amino acids
Term
To use lipids for energy, what do you have to do to them first?
Definition
triglyceride and break it down into fatty acids and glycerol
Term
Where does the nitrogen waste from protein go?
Definition
Urea
Term
3 fates of light energy when chlorophyll molecules absorb light:
Definition
Fluorescence
Resonance energy transfer
Electron acceptor
Term
What is the benifit of PS 2?
Definition
To pass 2e- energy to PS1
Term
What is the benifit of PS1?
Definition
To use the 2e- high level energy and pass it down to combine NADP+ and H+ floating around from the origional H2O that was split
Term
What kind of gradient is caused by H+ ions?
Definition
electrochemical
Term
C3
Definition
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) = Rubisco; Use only Calvin cycle to fix carbon
Term
1st stage of Calvin Cycle uses what enzyme to bind CO2 with RuBP?
Definition
Rubisco
Term
C4
Definition
4 carbon molecule; fixation and its later use in the Calvin cycle occur in different cell types: mesophyll and bundle sheath cell.
Term
CAM
Definition
crassulic acid metabolism; CO2 fixation and its later use in the Calvin cycle occur at different times : day and night
Term
Photorespiration
Definition
When rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2. Loses energy in this reaction.
Term
Convergent evolution
Definition
Where organisms evlove to look similar
Term
Cladistic analysis
Definition
the branching of one lineage from another in the course of evolution. Attempts to identify shared derived character states
Term
Molecular systematics
Definition
identifying relationship based on DNA or RNA
Term
Molecular clocks
Definition
Measuring age by mutation rate
Term
Evidence for 3 domains
Definition
The universal evolutionary tree was determined by comparing ribosomal RNA sequences.
Term
3 domains
Definition
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Term
How do archaea differ from bacteria?
Definition
In base sequence of ribosomal DNA and lipid composition
Term
Lipid composition of archaea
Definition
lack peptidoglycans in their cell walls
Term
method of motlity by archaea
Definition
rods cocci and spirilla
Term
Bacteria and Archaea lack what?
Definition
Lack a nuclear envelope, plastids, mitochondria, and other membrane bound organelles and 9, 2 flagella
Term
Method of energy aquisition by Bacteria
Definition
Absorbtion, but some are photosynthetic or chemosyntheic
Term
How are bacteria motile?
Definition
by simple flagella or gliding
Term
4 kingdoms of the Eukarya domain
Definition
Fungi, Protista, Plantae, Animalia
Term
What do animalia cells lack?
Definition
plant material : cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments.
Term
In Fungi, the nuclei make up what shape?
Definition
mycelium
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
digest dead organisms
Term
mycorrhizae
Definition
fungi's symbiotic relationship with plants
Term
Protista
Definition
Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, injestion photosynthesis or absorbtion, sexual, 9-plus-2 flagella
Term
Heterotrophic protists
Definition
slime molds and water molds
Term
Photosynthetic protists
Definition
algae
Term
Plantae
Definition
alteration of generations (2n and n), green algae, terrestrial
Term
Structure of a Prokaryote
Definition
Cell walls
Cellular membrane
Circular DNA
Ribosomes
No membrane bound organelles
Term
Prokaryotes reproduce by
Definition
binary fission
Term
Pili
Definition
hold two bacteria together during conjugation.
Term
Fimbrae
Definition
serve as an attachment to food sources
Term
transduction
Definition
when viruses that attack bacteria bring with them DNA they have acquired from their previous host
Term
Bacteriophages
Definition
can carry prokaryotic DNA from one cell to another in a process called transduction
Term
transformation
Definition
when pieces of DNA are taken in from the environment
Term
Gram-positive cells
Definition
retain crystal violet dye.
There cell walls are 90% peptidoglycan
Term
Gram-negative cells
Definition
do not retain the dye. Their cell walls consist of two layers, an inner peptidoglycan layer and an outer layer of lipopolysaccharides and proteins.
Term
Compounds used for energy storage in prokaryotes
Definition
inclusion bodies contain poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid and glycogen
Term
Prokaryotic flagella verses Eukaryotic
Definition
Prokaryote flagella lack microtubules and a plasma membrane. They are made up of the protein flagellin, a triple helix, and grow at the tip.
Term
Mycoplasmas
Definition
bacteria that lack cell walls
Term
Example of plant pathogenic mycoplasmas
Definition
spiroplasma. Cause citrus stubborn disease, corn stunt disease
Term
plant diseases caused by bacteria
Definition
blights, soft rots, wilts **Examples: fireblight in apples and pears in Oklahoma.
Term
How are mycoplasms spread?
Definition
insect vectors and pollinators
Term
Ecological Importance of cyanobacteria
Definition
Global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Fix both carbon and nitrogen. (Incorporate into organic compound.)
Term
Bacteriophages infect what organisms
Definition
Bacteria
Term
How do viruses reproduce?
Definition
They code for some of the proteins they need - coat proteins, enzymes. They use the cell's ribosomes and enzymes to make more RNA or DNA and coat proteins.
Term
Methods of virus infections in plants:
Definition
Insect vectors
Mechanical wounding
Infected pollen grains
From parent plant in vegetatively propagated plants
phloem or plasmodesmata
Term
How can eliminate viruses from plants?
Definition
Seed propagated:
Even when the parent plant is infected not all seeds will be.
Vegetatively propagated: use meristem culture.
Breed for genetic resistance
Term
Characteristics of Fungi
Definition
composed of hyphae; Cell walls of Chitin; They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Term
mycelium
Definition
a mass of hyphae
Term
Fungi are more like animals because
Definition
Ribosomal RNA homology
Extracellular digestion
Chitin in cell walls, also found in insect exoskeletons
Glycogen used for energy storage. We have glycogen in our liver and muscle
Predaceous fungi trap and kill small animals such as nematodes for food.
Term
Symbiotic relationships
Definition
mutually beneficial. At least 80% of all vascular plants (phloem, xylem) associate with mycorrhizae. Lichens consist of an algae or cyanobacterium and fungus (provides moisture barrier). These can not be raised apart from one another.
Term
Endophytes
Definition
fungi that live inside plants
Term
Hyphae of Fungi
Definition
fungal filaments; they have cell walls of chitin.
Term
Plant diseases caused by fungi
Definition
Soft rot, brown spot of corn, powdery mildew, chestnut blight (wiped out entire American Chestnut) , Dutch elm disease.
Term
Lichen is made up of what 2 organisms?
Definition
A mycobiont (fungus) and photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria)
Term
Uses of fungi
Definition
Economic importance:
Edible fungi - mushrooms, morels
Source of antibiotics: penicillin
Other medicinals: cyclosporin: suppresses organ rejection
Brewing and baking industries: yeast --> alcohol and CO2
Flavors and aromas of cheeses.
Religious or ceremonial purposes - hallucinogens, peyote
Term
Protists
Definition
eukaryotic organisms that are not included in the fungal, plant, or animal kingdoms.
Term
How are algae ecological important?
Definition
Phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) are the beginning of the food chain for heterotrophs. They fix carbon in the process of photosynthesis. form carbonates
Term
Euglenophyta method of energy storage
Definition
paramylon instead of starch
Term
Cryptophyta
Definition
similar to Euglenophyta except store food as starch
Term
phytoplankton
Definition
reduce CO2 by photosynthesis and formation of calcium carbonate
Term
Characteristics of euglena
Definition
Stigma or eyespot - light sensing organ, red
Contractile vacuole - accumulates water and expels it outside the cell - a new role for the vacuole
Paramylon - a polysaccharide that forms granules in the cytoplasm; used for energy storage
Vitamins - generally required even though photosynthesis may be occurring
Mode of reproduction = mitosis and lengthwise cytokinesis; no sexual reproduction observed.
Term
plasmodium
Definition
consists of a naked, multinucleate mass of protoplasm that has no cell wall. The nucleil exhibit synchronized mitosis.
Term
Who was the earliest to develope sexual reproduction?
Definition
Slime molds
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