Term
| What is the overall reaction or equation for respiration? |
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Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy
(glucose) (oxygen) (ATP) |
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Term
| What are the three sets of chemical reactions that occur during the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose? |
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Definition
| Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction where phosphate is added to a compound; for example the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Glucose 6-phosphate (sugar with 1 phosphate on it) |
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Term
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Definition
| Put in Energy of Activation to convert ATP to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| Put in Energy of Activation to convert ATP to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| Put in Energy of Activation to convert ATP to ADP |
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Term
| Citric Acid Cycle, enzymes |
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Definition
| All but one of the enzymes for the citric acid cycle are in solution within the mitochondrial matrix. |
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Term
| Products of Citric Acid Cycle |
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Definition
| 2 pyruvate --> 2ATP + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + CO2 + H2O |
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Term
| How many ATP produced by electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that pass electrons on |
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Term
| How many ATP are produced during Anaerobic fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 things perform lactate fermentation, producing lactic acid? |
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Definition
| bacteria, fungi, protists, animal cells |
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Term
| What 2 things perform alcohol fermentation? |
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Definition
| yeast and plant cells. Ones that make lactic acid can't make alcohol, and vise versa |
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Term
| Examples of the use of alcohol fermentation |
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Definition
| bread, alcoholic beverages, CO2 creates bubbles, champagne |
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Term
| To use proteins for energy, what do you have to do to them first? |
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Definition
| Hydrolyze them into amino acids |
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Term
| To use lipids for energy, what do you have to do to them first? |
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Definition
| triglyceride and break it down into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| Where does the nitrogen waste from protein go? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 fates of light energy when chlorophyll molecules absorb light: |
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Definition
Fluorescence
Resonance energy transfer
Electron acceptor |
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Term
| What is the benifit of PS 2? |
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Definition
| To pass 2e- energy to PS1 |
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Term
| What is the benifit of PS1? |
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Definition
| To use the 2e- high level energy and pass it down to combine NADP+ and H+ floating around from the origional H2O that was split |
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Term
| What kind of gradient is caused by H+ ions? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) = Rubisco; Use only Calvin cycle to fix carbon |
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Term
| 1st stage of Calvin Cycle uses what enzyme to bind CO2 with RuBP? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4 carbon molecule; fixation and its later use in the Calvin cycle occur in different cell types: mesophyll and bundle sheath cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| crassulic acid metabolism; CO2 fixation and its later use in the Calvin cycle occur at different times : day and night |
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Term
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Definition
| When rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2. Loses energy in this reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where organisms evlove to look similar |
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Term
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Definition
| the branching of one lineage from another in the course of evolution. Attempts to identify shared derived character states |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying relationship based on DNA or RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Measuring age by mutation rate |
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Term
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Definition
| The universal evolutionary tree was determined by comparing ribosomal RNA sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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Term
| How do archaea differ from bacteria? |
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Definition
| In base sequence of ribosomal DNA and lipid composition |
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Term
| Lipid composition of archaea |
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Definition
| lack peptidoglycans in their cell walls |
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Term
| method of motlity by archaea |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria and Archaea lack what? |
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Definition
| Lack a nuclear envelope, plastids, mitochondria, and other membrane bound organelles and 9, 2 flagella |
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Term
| Method of energy aquisition by Bacteria |
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Definition
| Absorbtion, but some are photosynthetic or chemosyntheic |
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Term
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Definition
| by simple flagella or gliding |
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Term
| 4 kingdoms of the Eukarya domain |
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Definition
| Fungi, Protista, Plantae, Animalia |
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Term
| What do animalia cells lack? |
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Definition
| plant material : cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. |
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Term
| In Fungi, the nuclei make up what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fungi's symbiotic relationship with plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, injestion photosynthesis or absorbtion, sexual, 9-plus-2 flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| slime molds and water molds |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| alteration of generations (2n and n), green algae, terrestrial |
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Term
| Structure of a Prokaryote |
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Definition
Cell walls
Cellular membrane
Circular DNA
Ribosomes
No membrane bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hold two bacteria together during conjugation. |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as an attachment to food sources |
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Term
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Definition
| when viruses that attack bacteria bring with them DNA they have acquired from their previous host |
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Term
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Definition
| can carry prokaryotic DNA from one cell to another in a process called transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| when pieces of DNA are taken in from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
retain crystal violet dye.
There cell walls are 90% peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
| do not retain the dye. Their cell walls consist of two layers, an inner peptidoglycan layer and an outer layer of lipopolysaccharides and proteins. |
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Term
| Compounds used for energy storage in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| inclusion bodies contain poly-B-hydroxybutyric acid and glycogen |
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Term
| Prokaryotic flagella verses Eukaryotic |
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Definition
| Prokaryote flagella lack microtubules and a plasma membrane. They are made up of the protein flagellin, a triple helix, and grow at the tip. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that lack cell walls |
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Term
| Example of plant pathogenic mycoplasmas |
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Definition
| spiroplasma. Cause citrus stubborn disease, corn stunt disease |
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Term
| plant diseases caused by bacteria |
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Definition
| blights, soft rots, wilts **Examples: fireblight in apples and pears in Oklahoma. |
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Term
| How are mycoplasms spread? |
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Definition
| insect vectors and pollinators |
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Term
| Ecological Importance of cyanobacteria |
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Definition
| Global carbon and nitrogen cycles. Fix both carbon and nitrogen. (Incorporate into organic compound.) |
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Term
| Bacteriophages infect what organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| How do viruses reproduce? |
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Definition
| They code for some of the proteins they need - coat proteins, enzymes. They use the cell's ribosomes and enzymes to make more RNA or DNA and coat proteins. |
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Term
| Methods of virus infections in plants: |
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Definition
Insect vectors
Mechanical wounding
Infected pollen grains
From parent plant in vegetatively propagated plants
phloem or plasmodesmata |
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Term
| How can eliminate viruses from plants? |
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Definition
Seed propagated:
Even when the parent plant is infected not all seeds will be.
Vegetatively propagated: use meristem culture.
Breed for genetic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of hyphae; Cell walls of Chitin; They reproduce both sexually and asexually. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fungi are more like animals because |
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Definition
Ribosomal RNA homology
Extracellular digestion
Chitin in cell walls, also found in insect exoskeletons
Glycogen used for energy storage. We have glycogen in our liver and muscle
Predaceous fungi trap and kill small animals such as nematodes for food. |
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Term
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Definition
| mutually beneficial. At least 80% of all vascular plants (phloem, xylem) associate with mycorrhizae. Lichens consist of an algae or cyanobacterium and fungus (provides moisture barrier). These can not be raised apart from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| fungi that live inside plants |
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Term
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Definition
| fungal filaments; they have cell walls of chitin. |
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Term
| Plant diseases caused by fungi |
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Definition
| Soft rot, brown spot of corn, powdery mildew, chestnut blight (wiped out entire American Chestnut) , Dutch elm disease. |
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Term
| Lichen is made up of what 2 organisms? |
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Definition
| A mycobiont (fungus) and photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
Economic importance:
Edible fungi - mushrooms, morels
Source of antibiotics: penicillin
Other medicinals: cyclosporin: suppresses organ rejection
Brewing and baking industries: yeast --> alcohol and CO2
Flavors and aromas of cheeses.
Religious or ceremonial purposes - hallucinogens, peyote |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic organisms that are not included in the fungal, plant, or animal kingdoms. |
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Term
| How are algae ecological important? |
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Definition
| Phytoplankton (algae and cyanobacteria) are the beginning of the food chain for heterotrophs. They fix carbon in the process of photosynthesis. form carbonates |
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Term
| Euglenophyta method of energy storage |
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Definition
| paramylon instead of starch |
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Term
|
Definition
| similar to Euglenophyta except store food as starch |
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Term
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Definition
| reduce CO2 by photosynthesis and formation of calcium carbonate |
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Term
| Characteristics of euglena |
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Definition
Stigma or eyespot - light sensing organ, red
Contractile vacuole - accumulates water and expels it outside the cell - a new role for the vacuole
Paramylon - a polysaccharide that forms granules in the cytoplasm; used for energy storage
Vitamins - generally required even though photosynthesis may be occurring
Mode of reproduction = mitosis and lengthwise cytokinesis; no sexual reproduction observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a naked, multinucleate mass of protoplasm that has no cell wall. The nucleil exhibit synchronized mitosis. |
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Term
| Who was the earliest to develope sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
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