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| oxygen, medicine, food, fuel, textiles, housing, manufactured products, preventing erosion, horticulture |
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| four important groups of organic compounds |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| high energy source, make up cellular structures |
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| fats and oils, high energy source, make up cell membrane |
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| made of amino acids. Many are enzymes, which act as catalysts in chemical reactions in the cells. Each enzyme is unique and catalyzes a specific reaction. |
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| found in the nucleus. There are two types: DNA and RNA. |
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| provides the blueprints for making proteins. The blueprint code for each protein is called a gene. Also makes a copy of itself before cell division, which is called replication |
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| when DNA makes a copy of itself prior to cell division |
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| messenger RNA reads the code on the gene on the DNA molecule inside the nucleus and takes the code out to the ribosome outside of the nucleus where the protein is made. The ribosome is the protein "factory." |
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| The entire DNA molecule unzips into two old strands, each containing sequences of the four bases. Using the sequence of letters on each old strand, the sequence of each new strand is constructed by the cell. The result is two identical molecules of DNA. |
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| a mistake in the genetic code. It usually results in negative effects but sometimes can be beneficial. Mutations are usually corrected by enzymes. |
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| the cell is getting ready for cell division. DNA makes a copy of itself. |
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| the nuclear membrane begins to break down and we start to see chromosomes |
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| chromosomes migrate to the center of the cell and line up |
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| chromosomes are pulled apart into two separate DNA molecules. The DNA then moves to opposite ends of the poles. |
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| DNA unravels and forms 2 separate nuclei and 2 different cells |
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| made of cellulose. Found only in plant cells. Permeable. Gives cells support. Held together by pectin. |
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| made of lipids and proteins. Semi permeable. Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. |
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| control center. Contains DNA. Surrounded by a porous membrane. |
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| all the living part of the cell, excluding the nucleus |
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| a plastid containing the green pigment "chlorophyll." this is where photosynthesis takes place. Contains a small amount of DNA |
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| energy is processed here. Surrounded by a membrane. Glucose is broken down to release energy for the cell to use. |
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| makes protein. Messenger RNA brings genetic message here to construct protein from amino acid. |
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| large fluid-filled sac separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. This is the recycling and waste center. |
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| cell structures found only in plant cells |
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| cell walls, vacuoles, chloroplasts |
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| tissues where cell division/growth occur. Apical meristem and vascular cambium. |
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| occurs at the tips of the roots and shoots and results in an increase in length |
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| occurs in a thin layer along the stems or roots and results in an increase in width or girth |
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| tissues in a plant where growth is not occurring. Simple tissues include parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Complex tissues include xylem, phloem, and epidermis |
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| thin-walled cells. Some involved in photosynthesis, others in food storage. Some can divide and repair damaged tissue |
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| thicker cell walls, longer than wide, provide flexible support; usually found just under the epidermis |
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| cells have very long thick, tough secondary cell walls usually containing ligning. Longer than wide. Most are dead at maturity and provide support. Most form fibers found in many plants and used by humans for 10,000 years. Commercial use: textiles, rope, canvas, string, etc |
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| important for "plumbin" system. Conducts water and dissolved nutrients up from the roots into all the organs. Composed of many different cells: parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and rays. |
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| long tubes made of long end cells with tapered open ends that are attached end to end which are dead at maturity |
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| similar to vessels but ends are not open. Water passes from cell to cell via pits at the sides where two cells contact each other. Dead at maturity. |
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| horizontal long-lived cells which conduct sideways and also store food |
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| conducts food made from photosynthesis to all parts of the plant. Composed of living cells without secondary walls: sieve tubes and companion cells |
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| like xylem, composed of long cells attached end to end but the ends are composed of small pores through which the cytoplasm extends cell to cell |
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| help the sieve tubes conduct food |
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| the outermost layer of all young plant organs in direct contact with the environment, usually one cell thick. Several important parts of the epidermis are cuticle, hairs, glands, stomata |
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| waxy protective coating on the outside cell walls. Prevents water loss and helps defend against disease organisms. Thickness varies. |
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| help repel insects and animals, hairs help conserve water by cutting air flow |
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| in leaves and stems, allow for exchange of gases |
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| photosynthesis and transpiration |
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| synthesizes water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into glucose. Occurs in the chloroplasts. |
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| evaporation of water through pores helps draw up water and cool off plant |
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| leaves that only grow one growing season, then fall off |
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| leaves that last more than one growing season |
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| one of the vascular bundles that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues |
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| the central or principal vein of a leaf |
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| the expanded part of a leaf |
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| the stalk by which a leaf is attached to stem |
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| a lateral bud found on the base of a leaf |
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| hold buds which grow into one or more leaves |
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| act as spaces that distance one node from another |
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| bud is located in the axil of a single leaf and stem |
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| bud is located in the axil of a structure with more than one leaflet attached |
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| each leaflet is attached at a common point |
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| leaves and buds directly across from each other on the stem |
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| leaves and buds are spaced in alternating fashion along the axis of the stem |
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| special leaf adaptations in a hot dry environment |
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| reduced leaf size or none to reduce water loss, thickened leathery leave to store water, light color to reflect heat, hairy or furry to reduce water loss by reducing air flow |
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| special leaf adaptations in a moist shady environment |
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| large leaves to increase surface area for light absorption in shade, waxy cuticle and less hairs to prevent constant wetness |
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| colorful leaves that act like petals to attract pollinators |
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| in bogs and swamps in nutrient-poor soils, leaves capture live animals such as insects which supply the missing nutrients |
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| the area between the base of the leaf and the stem attachment where the separation occurs. Pectin in between two layers of cells breaks down and the connection gets weaker and weaker |
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| the water flow to the leaf is blocked by the abscission zone and photosynthesis stops causing chlorophyll production to cease thus revealing other pigments such as carotenoids (red, orange, yellow) in the plastids. Normally there is so much chlorophyll in the leaf that these pigments are hidden. sometimes pigments such as anthocyanins (red) accumulate in the vacuoles of the leaf cells in the fall. Others just turn brown. |
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| the process by which leaves are shed. As the abscission zone gets weaker and weaker, eventually the leaves fall off. All leaves eventually are shed by this process even if they are evergreen. However, evergreen leaves may fall at other times of the year depending on the plant. |
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| support of leaves and reproductive organs, transport of food and water, storage of food and/or water, growth |
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| annuals, biennials perennials |
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| perennial only. Stems do not die down at the end of the growing season and are very long-lived |
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| a rudimentary body, usually a specialized leaf and often covered with hair, wax, or resin, enclosig an immature leaf bud |
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| a bud that occurs at the end of a stem |
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| a bud that occurs on the side of a stem |
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| a continuous central strand of spongy tissue in the stems of most vascular plants that functions chiefly in storage |
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| a loose aggregation of cells which penetrates the surface of a woody plant through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the underlying tissues |
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| an elongated horizontal stem arising from the base of a plant |
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| the region of a seed plant at which stem and root merge |
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| a somewhate elongate usually horizontal subterranean plant stem that is often thickened by deposits of reserve food material, produces shoots above and roots below, and is distinguished from a true root in possessing buds, nodes, and usually scalelike leaves |
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| a short fleshy usually underground stem bearing minute scale leaves each of which bears a bud in its axil and is potentially able to produce a new plant |
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| a resting stage of a plant that is usually formed underground and consists of a short stem base bearing one or more buds enclosed in overlapping membranous or fleshy leaves |
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