C, H, O, K, Ca, Mg, N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl, Bo, Mo, Ni

First 8 are micronutrients and last 9 macronutrients

Sedimentable amyloplasts in shoots/columella act as gravity sensors

Refers to the structural integrity created by interactive tension between structural components;

amyloplasts create tension on actin filaments, increasing cytosolic Ca2+

The inner most layer of cortex—endodermis—is compactly arranged and lacks air spaces—these strips are found here. It is a wall thickening and an integral band-like portion of the primary wall and middle lamella that is impregnated with suberin and lignin. They are therefore impermeable to H2O—prevent water loss.

region of the apical meristem® corresponds to the promeristem (the initials and their derivatives)

It is able to repopulate the bordering meristematic regions when injured. Studies suggest that this center plays an essential role in organization and development of the root.

Most cell division occurs a short distance from this center.

Negatively gravitropic extensions of the root systems of some trees growing in swampy habitats; they grow upward and out of the water and probably function to ensure adequate aeration.

Adventitious roots arising from the stem above soil level and helping to support the plant; common in many monocots, for example, maize

This is the primary form in which sugar produced by photosynthesis is translocated

Act as accessory pigments in photosynthesis; principle function is anti-oxidant, preventing oxidative damage to the chlorophyll molecules by light

The enzyme that catalyzes initial reaction of the Calvin cycle, involving the fixation of carbon dioxide to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)

A class of compounds known as oxylipins important in plant growth regulation and defense.

surround the root cells; found primarily in temperate regions. In conifers, the hyphae grow between the cells of the root epidermis and cortex, forming a highly branched network called the Hartig net. Ecto are also characterized by a mantle, or sheath, of hyphae that covers the root surface, and are mostly formed with Basidiomycetes. At least 5000 spp. Are involved in ecto associations, often with a high degree of specificity

One of the two or more alternative forms of a gene.

A condition indicative of the same phylogenetic, or evolutionary origin, but not necessarily same in present structure and/or function.

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism- A variant of the C4 pathway; phosphoenolpyruvate fixes CO2 in C4 compounds at night and then, during the daytime, the fixed CO2 is transferred to the ribulose bisphosphate of the Calvin cycle within the same cell.

The development, or life history, of all or part of an individual organism.

The totality of genetic information contained in the nucleus, plastid, or mitochondian.

Spongy areas in the cork surfaces of the stem, roots, and other plant parts that allow interchange of gases between internal tissues and the atmosphere through the periderm; occur in vascular plants. 

An asexual fungal spore not contained within a sporangium; it may be produced singly or in chains; most conidia are multinucleate.

Two nuclei (usually), one derived from each end (pole) of the embryo sac, which become centrally located;  they fuse with a male nucleus to form the primary (typically 3n) endosperm nucleus.

A modified leaf or leaf-like organ that bears sporangia; applied to the stamens and carpels of angiosperms, fertile fronds of ferns, and other similar structures.

A sperm-producing structure that may be multicellular or unicellular.

A type of body that is undifferentiated into root, stem, or leaf; the word thallus was used commonly when fungi and algae were considered to be plants, to distinguish their simple construction, and that of certain gametophytes, from the differentiated bodies of plant sporophytes and the elaborate gametophytes of the bryophytes.

A phylogenetic domain of prokaryotes consisting of the methanogens, most extreme halophiles and hyperthermophiles.

Organelle in the cells of certain groups of eukaryotes that is the site of such activities as food manufacture and storage; plastids are bound by two membranes.

Random mating, large population, isolation, no mutations, and no natural selection