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| all cells are made of a substance called Protoplasm it consist of proteins, lipids , nucleic acids, and water within the cell... everything in the cell is protplasm. |
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| Membrane that covers the the surfuce of the protoplasma.. it is impermable to harmful material therefore it is selective permeable. |
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| permant storge place for the organism genitic information The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division). |
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| nothing passes through: no biological membrane is impermeable to everything |
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| Freely permeable membrane |
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| virtually everything can pass through |
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| selectively permeable (differentially permeable) membrane |
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| certian substance passs through rapidly, others pass through slowly |
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| large intrinsic membrane proteins bind a molecule and force it through the membrane, consuming energy in the process |
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| the fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane , releasing the vesicle contents to the cell membrane, releasing the vesicle content to the cell exterior ie roots going thur the ground |
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| the invagination of the cell membrane , forming a vesicle that pinches off and carries external material to the cell |
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| Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. In plant cells, they break down carbohydrate and sugar molecules to provide energy, particularly when light isn't available for the chloroplasts to produce energy. |
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| Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. In plant cells, they break down carbohydrate and sugar molecules to provide energy, particularly when light isn't available for the chloroplasts to produce energy. |
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| These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don't have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support. |
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| Microfilaments are solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton. |
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| Many plant cells have a large, single central vacuole that typically takes up most of the room in the cell (80 percent or more). Vacuoles in animal cells, however, tend to be much smaller, and are more commonly used to temporarily store materials or to transport substances. |
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| the intercellular space and cell walls of the plant: all the volume of a plant thatis not occupied by the protoplasm ( the symplast) |
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| According to the accepted current theory, known as the fluid mosaic model, the plasma membrane is composed of a double layer (bilayer) of lipids, oily substances found in all cells (see Figure 1). Most of the lipids in the bilayer can be more precisely described as phospholipids, that is, lipids that feature a phosphate group at one end of each molecule |
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| Each bacterium is enclosed by a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a protein-sugar (polysaccharide) molecule. The wall gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, protecting it from the environment. It also helps to anchor appendages like the pili and flagella, which originate in the cytoplasm membrane and protrude through the wall to the outside. The strength of the wall is responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment. |
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| Found only in animal cells, these paired organelles are typically located together near the nucleus in the centrosome, a granular mass that serves as an organizing center for microtubules. Within the centrosome, the centrioles are positioned so that they are at right angles to each other |
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| One of the most widely recognized and important characteristics of plants is their ability to conduct photosynthesis, in effect, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energy. This process occurs in almost all plant species and is carried out in specialized organelles known as chloroplasts. |
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| One of the most widely recognized and important characteristics of plants is their ability to conduct photosynthesis, in effect, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energy. This process occurs in almost all plant species and is carried out in specialized organelles known as chloroplasts |
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a shorter version of Flagellum
Flagella (singular, flagellum) are hairlike structures that provide a means of locomotion for those bacteria that have them. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface. The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the |
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| the use of selective premeable membranes and active transport are criticle to to a cell life and to leep organelles away from each other |
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| The cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial cells is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out. It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus. The chromosome, a single, continuous strand of DNA, is localized, but not contained, in a region of the cell called the nucleoid. All the other cellular components are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. |
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| the lugid substance of protoplasm excluding all the orgwnelles |
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| a stack of thin vesicles held together in a flat or cup shaped array; Dictyosomes receive vesicles from ER forming face and releases the modifiyed material from the maturing face. |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER SER) |
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| The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened sacs and branching tubules that extends throughout the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells. These sacs and tubules are all interconnected by a single continuous membrane so that the organelle has only one large, highly convoluted and complexly arranged lumen (internal space). Usually referred to as the endoplasmic reticulum cisternal space, the lumen of the organelle often takes up more than 10 percent of the total volume of a cell. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane allows molecules to be selectively transferred between the lumen and the cytoplasm, and since it is connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, it further provides a pipeline between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
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| Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia. Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope. |
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| proteins located on the outside of the membranes |
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| Flagella (singular, flagellum) are hairlike structures that provide a means of locomotion for those bacteria that have them. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface. The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the bacterium move toward nutrients; away from toxic chemicals; or, in the case of the photosynthetic cyanobacteria; toward the light |
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| when the intresic proteins can share with some other Hetrogeneous cells |
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| when small amounts of sugar occur as short chains oligosaccharides the bound to intrinsic proteins. |
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| The Golgi apparatus (GA), also called Golgi body or Golgi complex and found universally in both plant and animal cells, is typically comprised of a series of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered sacs called cisternae that look something like a stack of deflated balloons. In some unicellular flagellates, however, as many as 60 cisternae may combine to make up the Golgi apparatus. Similarly, the number of Golgi bodies in a cell varies according to its function |
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| the space in between the cells |
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| Proteins that are partially immeresed in the lipid bilayer |
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| the volume inside the vesicle |
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| small bodies are organelles that come into two types Peroxisomes that detoxify by products of chrloplast and Glyoxysomes that convert stored fat into sugar |
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| These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don't have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support. Microtubules, which are about 25 nanometers in diameter, form part of the cytoskeleton that gives structure and shape to a cell, and also serve as conveyor belts moving other organelles throughout the cytoplasm. In addition, microtubules are the major components of cilia and flagella, and participate in the formation of spindle fibers during cell division (mitosis). |
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| specialized region associated with the cell walls of plants, and sometimes considered an additional component of them, is the middle lamella (see Figure 1). Rich in pectins, the middle lamella is shared by neighboring cells and cements them firmly together. Positioned in such a manner, cells are able to communicate with one another and share their contents through special conduits |
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| bind to a molecule on one side of the membrane then by using energy the protein changes shape and releases the molecule on the other side |
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| The nucleolus is a prominent sub-nuclear structure that is not bound by a membrane and resides within the nuclear matrix. |
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| different part with in a cell the nucleus the vacuole the mitochondria |
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| Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma) are small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells. Similar to the gap junctions found in animal cells, the plasmodesmata, which penetrate both the primary and secondary cell walls (see Figure 1), allow certain molecules to pass directly from one cell to another and are important in cellular communication. |
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| generl term of group of dynamic organelles that perform many functions |
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| area on the cell that were transport between cells or organelles can occour |
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| simple cells founfd in the kingdom bacteria |
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| living cells contain ribosomes, tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and 40 percent protein. However, though they are generally described as organelles, it is important to note that ribosomes are not bound by a membrane and are much smaller than other organelles. |
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| the protplasm of all the cells in a plant are introconnected by plasmadesmata: the entire mass is the symplast or the symplasm |
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| plant internal membrane network (endomembrane) system. |
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| skeletal element in Eukaryotic cells, composed of alpha and beta tubulin |
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| Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell |
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| pigment involved in capturing the light energy the drives photosynthesis |
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