Term
| when did algae first arise on earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did ferns first arise on earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did gymnosperms first arise on earth? |
|
Definition
| 230 to 150 million years ago. |
|
|
Term
| when did angiosperms first arise on earth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is more closely related to plants: green, red, or brown algae? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Algae are classified as... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Algae are prokaryotes T/F |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some examples of protists? |
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Definition
| ciliates, diatoms, dinoflagellates, slime molds, radiolarans, foraminiferans, chlorophytes, chryophytes, red and brown seaweed, amoeba, etc. |
|
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Term
| are protists unicellular, multicellular, or colonial? |
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Definition
| could be any of the three. |
|
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Term
| what multicellular algae can reach 60 meters in length? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are diatoms considered? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are green algae autotrophic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do green algae have cellulose in cell walls? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the food reserve of green algae and where is it stored? |
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Definition
| Starch, stored in the chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| what kind of chloroplasts do green algae contain? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b |
|
|
Term
| Do algae have complex tissues like xylem and phloem? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| do many green algae form parenchyma tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the male and female gametes look alike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The male and female gametes look completely different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The male and female gametes are slightly different |
|
|
Term
| What is more ancestral isogamy or oogamy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most green algae found? |
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Definition
| Fresh water but also on tree trunks, soil, snow, and in symbiotic associations. |
|
|
Term
| How many species of algae are there? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 groups of green algae? |
|
Definition
| Chlorophycea, Ulvophycea, Charophyceae |
|
|
Term
| what is phycopastic cell division? |
|
Definition
| The microtubules form horizontally with respect to the nuclei |
|
|
Term
| what is phragmoplastic cell division |
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Definition
| the microtubules form vertically between the nuclei |
|
|
Term
| How many flagella does chlamydemonas have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pyrenoid in chlamydemonas? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the stigma in chlamydemonas? |
|
Definition
| (eyespot) to detect light. |
|
|
Term
| Is the cell wall of chlamydemonas made of cellulose? |
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Definition
| No it is made of glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the contractile vacuole in chlamydemonas? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what mode of reproduction does chlamydemonas use? |
|
Definition
| Both sexual and asexual reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| How many chloroplasts does a chlamydemomnas contain?? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe the life cycle of chlamydemonoas. |
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Definition
| haploid gametes are formed - two gametes fuse - plasmogamy (organelles fuse - Karyogamy (DNA fuses) |
|
|
Term
| is the chlamydemonas anisogamous, isogamous, or oogamous? |
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Definition
| Isogamous (gametes look alike and are haploid) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the zygote called once it has a protective outer covering (chlamydomonas)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the zygospore in chlamydomonas? |
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Definition
| they undergo meiosis to form 4 haploid gametes. |
|
|
Term
| what ploidy does chlamydomonas spend most of its life cycle in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what organism is thought to be a spherical colony of chlamydomonas like cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chlamydomonas looking cells are in a volvox? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| do volvox undego asexual or sexual reproduction? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a volvox undergo asexual reproduction? |
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Definition
| The cells on the surface undergo mitosis and form an invagination. The invagination keeps undergoing mitosis until you have a tiny volvox in the mother volvox. |
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|
Term
| T/F the volvox is isogamous. |
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Definition
| False the volvox is oogamous. |
|
|
Term
| explain volvox sexual reproduction. |
|
Definition
| The male undegoes mitosis to make a cology of sperm cells. The female undergoes mitosis to create the egg. The two fuse and form a zygote that then gets a protective covering and becomes a zygospore. The zygospore then undergoes meiosis and forms a new volvox colony by mitosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the oedogonium oogamous? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cell containing the sperm cells in the oedogonium called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cell containing the egg cell called in the oedogonium called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Oedogonium spends most of its life in the ___ ploidy. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only diploid structure in the life cycle of oedogonium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the life cycle of an oedogonium |
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Definition
| the haploid adult produces oogonium and antheridium by mitosis. These meet to form the zygote. The zygote undergoes meiosis and releases embryos which anchor and divide by mitosis to become mature haploid organisms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A green algae that form sheet like structures two cell layers thick. |
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Term
| What is the name of the algae that divides in all directions and forms what looks like parenchyma tissue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does coleochaete grow? |
|
Definition
| On rock surfaces and on freshwater plants |
|
|
Term
| what is a perietal chloroplast and what green algae has them? |
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Definition
| Pareital chloroplasts are close to the cell wall and coleocheate has them. |
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|
Term
| Which green algae has branched filaments spreading across a flat surface? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about coleocheate reproduction? |
|
Definition
| The zygotes remain attached to the mother |
|
|
Term
| What are psuedoarchegonia |
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Definition
| The structures in coleocheate that protect the zygotes. |
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Term
| T/F coleocheate gives nutrients to the zygotes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about the chara algae? |
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Definition
| The thallus is differentiated into nodes and internodes. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells with poor tissue differentiation. No xylem or phloem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the eggs develop in the charus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the sperm cells develop in the the charus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the life cycle of charus? |
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Definition
| The egg in the pseudoarchegonium is fertilized by an egg. The zygote undergoes meiosis and 3/4 cells die. The 1 (N) cell becomes the new charus algae. |
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|
Term
| Why is Ulva different from most other green algae? |
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Definition
| It spends half of its life diploid and half haploid. |
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Term
| What is located on the sporophyte of a Ulva and what do they do? |
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Definition
| The sporophyte is the 2N phase of the life cycle of a Ulva. Sporangia are located on the sporophyte. These undergo meiosis to create spores that eventually become gametangia. |
|
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Term
| What are gametangia? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Gametangia are the haploid plant stage of the life cycle of the Ulva. It contains gametangia full of gametes created by mitosis. These cells fuse to form a zygote which becomes the sporophyte. |
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Term
| which algae has a life cyle very similar to the human's? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| explain the full life cycle of the fucus. |
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Definition
| The male thallus contains male concepticles that contains antheridia. The female thalus contains female concepticles that contain oogonia. The conpticles release eggs and sperm and they form male and female zygotes that become male and female thaluses. |
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Term
| the fucus spends most of its life as what ploidy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is gametic meiosis? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| the diploid organism divides meiotically to give rise to the gamete. it is found in some protists, algae, and animals. |
|
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Term
| What was the overall evolutionary trend in algae? |
|
Definition
unicellular - colonial - multicellular
Filamentous - branched - parenchymous
isogamous - oogamous
unprotected egg - protected egg |
|
|
Term
| what species of algae are probably the ancestors of land plants? |
|
Definition
| Chara and coleocheate. More closely related to land plants - Chara. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Thickening, pharmeceutecals, foods, brewing, etc. |
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|
Term
| What adaptation does a land plant undergo for water and nutrient transport? |
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Definition
| Development of the xylem and phloem. |
|
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Term
| What does the synthesis of secondary compounds do? |
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Definition
| Helps the plant defend against herbivory, ultraviolet light (pigments). |
|
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Term
| What does secondary compound lignin do? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are land plants called embryophytes? |
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Definition
| Because they retain their embryo in the parental tissue. |
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Term
| What are the reproductive structures called in the bryophytes? |
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Definition
| The archegonia and the antheridia. |
|
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Term
| What is the archegonia produce in bryophytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the antheridia produce in bryophytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the sporophyte in bryophytes unicellular or multicellular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do bryophytes have a multicellular sporangia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the spores of bryophytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Bryophytes have no apical meristems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small land plants that have green leafy haploid tissue. They lack tissue differentiation, but have structures that look like parenchyma tissue. Moss is an example of a bryophyte. |
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Term
| Do bryophytes have xylem and phloem? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do bryophytes have stems and roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are bryophytes haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are bryophytes small or large? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Do bryophytes produce embryos? |
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Definition
| Yes, land plants are called embryophytes. |
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Term
| Is the embryo of a bryophyte haploid? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Both the zygote and the embryo are nurtured by the ______ in bryophytes. |
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Definition
| Gametophyte (mother plant) |
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Term
| What is the name for the diploid adult plant that is formed in bryophytes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sporophyte is the part of the plant that..... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| where do you find bryophytes? |
|
Definition
| In the wet part of the forest/woods. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mosses, hornworts, liverworts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the green leafy structure in the marchantia liverwort? |
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Definition
| The thallus (the gametophyte (n)) |
|
|
Term
| the green thallus of the marchantia is a... |
|
Definition
| gametophyte (n) the part of the plant that produces the gametes. |
|
|
Term
| what sort of tissue differentiation is found in the marchantia? |
|
Definition
| An upper epidermis, a lower epidermis, parenchyma cells for both storage and chlorophyll. |
|
|
Term
| what are the dots on marchantia? |
|
Definition
| Air pores (do not close like stomata) for gas exchange. |
|
|
Term
| how do bryophytes anchored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very simple structures, just strings of cells. |
|
|
Term
| what are antheridiophores in liverworts? |
|
Definition
| Stalked structures full of antheridia containing sperm cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are archegoniaphores in liverworts? |
|
Definition
| Stalked structures containing archegonia containing eggs. |
|
|
Term
| What is an antheridia made of? |
|
Definition
| Spermatogenous tissue surrounded by a sterile jacket layer. The whole structure is on a stalk. |
|
|
Term
| the archegoniophore is a ______ shaped structure. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the venter in the archegonium of a liverwort? |
|
Definition
| The broad area towards the base of the egg. |
|
|
Term
| What is the long structure hanging underneath the egg called in the archegonia of the liverwort? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neck composed of in the archegonia of liveroworts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to neck canal cells once the sperm has traveled through it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the point of the neck canal cells? |
|
Definition
| the sperm cells travel through it to reach the egg. |
|
|
Term
| How do the sperm cells reach the archegonia on the under side of the archegoniaphore in liverworts? |
|
Definition
| A water droplet from an adjacent liverwort will contain sperm cells. These sperm cells will swim through the water to the archegonia once it lands on an archegoniaphore. |
|
|
Term
| The sperm fuses with an egg in the archegonia to form a.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zygote forms many diploid cells in the archegonia of a liverwort to form a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sporophyte contains many... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diploid structures are within the sporangium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell that will give rise to the spores. |
|
|
Term
| What is the ploidy of the sporocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sporocyte gives rise to.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They help with spore dispersal. |
|
|
Term
| What structure allows the gametophyte to nurture the sporophyte in liverworts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stalklike structure in the sporophyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the spores are fully formed they are stored in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe a bryophyte placenta. |
|
Definition
| triangular cells with many invaginations of the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germinate and give rise to a photosynthetic filamentous structure called the protonema. |
|
|
Term
| what does the protonema give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the majority of the life cycle of a liverwort is spend in what ploidy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the sporophyte that is connected to the gametophyte is called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The spores are what ploidy? the rest of the sporophyte is what ploidy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cuplike structures with flat structures in it (in liverworts). mode of asexual reproduction. Water disperses the flattened stuctures that then give rise to new liverworts |
|
|
Term
| what are the horn like projections in hornworts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No they are smaller than a dime. |
|
|
Term
| do hornworts have stomata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the sporophyte so big in a hornwort? |
|
Definition
| Because it has a meristematic region that allows it to grow tall. |
|
|
Term
| the leafy part of the moss is actually the _____ of the moss. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The long stalked structures in mosses are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sporophyte is often brown, this indicates that.... |
|
Definition
| The sporophyte does not undergo photosynthesis and depends on the gametophyte for nutrition. |
|
|
Term
| what is the leaf like structure in a moss called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phyllids are not leaves because... |
|
Definition
| They lack vascular tissue. |
|
|
Term
| phyllids can hold ___ times their dry weight in water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only living cells in mosses are the ones that are ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mass of cells in the phyllid of a moss that contains hydroids and leptoids. these cells conduct water, food, and minerals. |
|
|
Term
| do hydroids contain lignin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydroids in phyllids of mosses do what? |
|
Definition
| Conduct water and minerals. |
|
|
Term
| Leptoids in caulids of phyllids of mosses do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thallus of the Ulva is ____ layers thick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The thallus of the Chare is differentiated into ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tissues at the nodal regions of the chara resembles ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How complex is the chara? |
|
Definition
| More complex than other algae, it resembles a plant. |
|
|
Term
| Both chara and oodogonium have ____ and ____. |
|
Definition
Pseudoarchegonia
antheridia |
|
|
Term
| the spores of chara and coleochaete both contain ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
