Term
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Definition
| All organisms that get their energy from other living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| All organisms that get their energy directly from the sun. |
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Term
| 4 main types of organic molecules found in plant cells |
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Definition
| Carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids |
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Term
| The basic structural unit of a carbohydrate |
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Definition
| A carbon chain with H, O, and OH molecules surrounding |
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Term
| The function of a carbohydrate molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary metabolites definition and examples |
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Definition
| molecules found in all plant cells and are necessary for life. Examples include sugars, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| not found in all plant cells. They vary from species to species and even from cell type to cell type within a plant. |
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Term
| The 3 main types of secondary metabolites |
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Definition
| Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Phenolics |
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Term
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Definition
| morphine, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, atropine |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of secondary metabolite: essential oils, taxol (anti cancer), rubber, cardiac glycosides (causes heart failure, keeps animals away from plant. Monarch butterflies eat butterfly milkweed flower which has this toxin and it accumulates toxins and animals will not eat it.) |
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Term
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Definition
| flavonids (anthocyanin - purple/red pigment, fall leaves), tannins (used to tan leather), lignin (brown in wood, strengthens plant so can become taller), salicylic acid (aspirin). All phenolics are very bitter. |
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Term
| Why must a starch be hydrolyzed before it can be used as an energy source or transported? |
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Definition
Simple sugars such as glucose can be transported across cell membranes. The starch molecule is too large to cross the cell membrane.
Glucose can be used in respiration. Starch is used for energy storage. |
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Term
| What advantage is there to a plant to store food energy as fructans rather than as a starch? As oils rather than as starch of fructans? |
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Definition
| Volume for volume, fructans contain more energy than starch and oils contain more energy than fructans. |
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Term
| Most plant oils are unsaturated. What is the principle difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat or oil? |
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Definition
Saturated have no double bonds.
Unsaturated have double bonds and more hydrogen can be added to them by process of hydrogenation.
Hydrogenation process - hydrogenate oils to make them into fats or waxes
Ex: Margarine - substitute to butter
Remove water molecules from Glycerol and add 1, 2 or 3 glycerides and get 1 2 or 3 extra water molecules from reaction
Transfatty acids - should eat none |
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Term
| All amino acids that the same basic structure. What aspects of their structure do all amino acids have in common? What part of an amino acid determines its identity? |
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Definition
They all have an acid group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2)
They differ in their side groups (R groups) |
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Term
| There are several levels of protein organization. What are those levels and how do they differ from one another? |
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Definition
Primary structure of a protein is determined by the order of the amino acids
Secondary structure - take on a spring or helix after its made
Tertiary structure - further folding of the molecule as it gets bigger
Quaternary structure - 2 or more polypeptides
Beta Pleated Sheet - adjacent strands of polypeptides and form weak hydrogen bonds between them |
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Term
| Lignin, a cell wall constituent, is believed to have played a major role in the evolution of terrestrial plants. Explain in terms of the presumed functions of lignin. |
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Definition
| Lignin strengthens cell walls in woody plants and permits plants to grow to greater heights. Strengthens cell wall. Makes cell resistant to compression. |
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