Term
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Definition
| Oils without double bonds; solidifies at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Oils with double bonds; safer to consume; liquid at room temperature; Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
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Term
| Monounsaturated Fatty Acids |
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Definition
| One double bond; least injurious to human health |
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Term
| Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |
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Definition
| More than one double bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Fats involved in biological processes; humans cannot synthesize Essential Fatty Acids; Reduce triglyceride levels in blood, reduce blood pressure; supports cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive system |
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Definition
| Derived from linoleic acid |
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Definition
| Derived from linolenic acid |
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Definition
| Process of converting unsaturated fats to solids with the addition of hydrogen; solidifies saturated fats |
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Definition
| Partially hydrogenated fatty acids; not fully solid at room temperature; leads to plaque formation; has longer shelf life |
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Definition
| Comes from seeds and/or fruit |
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Definition
| Cleaning and drying of the fruits/seeds |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cooked using high heat, pressed, separated from residue, sent through solvent extraction |
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Definition
| Neutralizing process that removes any free fatty acids; uses alkali |
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Definition
| Removing any mucilaginous material in the oil by centrifugation |
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Definition
| Removal of pigments from the oil using diatomaceous earth |
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Definition
| Removing any strong odor under a vacuum |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing the clouding ability of the oil by chilling |
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Definition
| Can withstand high temperature; used to deep fry |
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Definition
| Low tolerance to heat; cannot use to deep fry |
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Definition
| From Rape (Brassica napus) or Turnip (Brassica campestris), both from Brassicaceae; Cultivated widely in Canada, so called canola; seeds are used; high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids; high smoking point; could be good for digestion system; used as industrial lubricant |
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Definition
| From Maize (Zea mays), Poaceae; Germ portion of the grain is used; rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids; high smoking point; used in industry as biodiesel |
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Definition
| From cotton plant (Gosypium), Malvaceae; Same family as okra; seeds used; Gossypol; known as vegetable oil in America; Crisco originally made from cottonseed oil |
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Definition
| Gives cottonseed oil a bitter taste; removed in 1900 and became popular in America |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cold pressed; does not make much oil |
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Definition
| Next grade after extra virgin; add a small amount of heat |
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Term
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Definition
| Blend of Virgin Olive Oil and Pure Olive Oil; rich in monounsaturated fatty acids; low smoking point; used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals |
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Term
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Definition
| Blend of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Virgin Olive Oil |
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Term
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Definition
| Crushed cotyledons are used |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeds of safflower are used; Carthamus tinctorius, Asteraceae; source of orange dye; high in monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids; used in infant formulas, salad dressing and cooking |
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Term
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Definition
| Oryza sativa, Poaceae; Bran and germ are used; “Bran beauty” in orient, used in orient time as a cosmetic; high smoking point; rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, oryzanol (cuts LDL), antioxidants; used as a massage oil |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeds of sesame plant are used; Sesamum indicum; From India, know as Gingelly oil or Til oil in India; consider it sacred “good oil”; smoke is used as a relaxant, used in body and hair massages, Ayuveda, cosmetics and cooking; high smoking point; oil can be used over and over again; natural preservative; rich in vitamin E, antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
| A paste made from sesame oil; used in Middle Eastern food |
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Term
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Definition
| Rich in antioxidants; high smoking point; rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Black seeds are used; Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae; inflorescences; used in North America since ancient times; Gray seeds are used for snacking; crude oil is used in farm machinery in USA; high in monounsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E; used in cosmetics and pain industries; high smoking point |
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Term
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Definition
| Not used in cooking; dried and crushed cellular endosperm is used; rich in saturated fatty acids; bad for health; used in cosmetics; sold as low grade virgin oil |
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Term
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Definition
| Endosperm of capsule is used; endosperm is poisonous, oil is not; from same family as Cassava; used in medicine as laxative; cannot be used for cooking |
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Term
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Definition
| Cotyledons of the seeds of a drupe are used; used mostly in medicine, also used as a pesticide and in cosmetics; oil is bitter and cannot be used in cooking; good for the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Seed is used; rich in monounsaturated fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Seed in used; compared to olive oil; very expensive |
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Term
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Definition
| Common in South East Asia; rich in saturated fatty acids; not a cooking oil; cheap, but health hazards are unknown |
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Definition
| Used in paints; cannot be used in cooking |
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Definition
| Young leaves that are covered with wax are used from palm tree; used in car polish and shoe wax; not a true oil |
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Definition
| Wax on top of the fruit of the wax myrtle plant is used; used to make candles; not a true oil |
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Definition
| Underground rhizomes that help the grass spread |
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Term
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Definition
| Major branches of stem; usually hollow at the intermodal regions |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual inflorescences that further divide a pinnacle |
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Term
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Definition
| Further division of spikelets that are small flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer bract of the floret |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner bract of the floret |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced perianths of florets |
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Term
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Definition
| The small embryo inside the seed; rich in fats, proteins, and vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| Well developed that make up the bulk of the seed |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by the fusion of the seed coat and pericarp |
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Term
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Definition
| Inside the bran and surrounds the endosperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as caryopsis, are dry, single-seeded, indehiscent fruits |
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Term
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Definition
| Matting together of tall stalks, happens because they have a hollow stem; much of the grain is wasted; genetic modification prevents lodging |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural process in grass plants that allows dispersal of the mature fruit farther away from the parent plant; grains are difficult to collect |
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Term
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Definition
| The activity of removing the fruits from the bracts (chaff), usually done by hand; humans cannot digest the chaff |
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Term
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Definition
| throwing the grain-chaff mixture into the air/fan and separating the heavier grains from the lighter chaffs |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken grains, with minimal amount of bran removal |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove bran along with the germ (embryo from the whole grain), grain is pure starch |
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Term
| Differences between Whole grains and polished grains |
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Definition
| Whole grain have the bran and the germ; polished grains do not; polished grains are pure starch |
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Term
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Definition
| "Food for Billions" Oryza sativa; feeds more people worldwide than any other crop; Food staple in and native to Asia; symbol of fertility; |
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Term
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Definition
| Dehulled (chaff removed) whole grain; less processing; lot of vitamin B1; |
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Term
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Definition
| Polished rice; if you only eat white rice you can develop a condition called "beriberi" which causes nerve inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically engineered; Golden color is a result of beta-karotin (a precursor to Vitamin A); First grown in Japan; |
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Term
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Definition
| Rice is steamed along with the glumes; enables the starch to absorb the nutrients; once dried the glumes are removed and the grain is polished; some nutrients is absorbed by the starchy endosperm and remains after polishing |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-grain, fragrant rice; used in Middle Easter and Indian cuisine; Rice pilaf |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from Thailand; is fragrant with a nutty aroma; has absolutely nothing to do with jasmine; cooks better than regular long grain rice |
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Term
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Definition
| Fermented red-purple rice; used in place of regular white rice or as a food coloring; fungus gives the rice its color and is used to lower the LDL |
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Term
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Definition
| basmati rice grown in Texas; |
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Term
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Definition
| Rice grown in wet areas (standing water) |
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Term
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Definition
| rice grown in dry places; no standing water; Brazil is the leading producer of upland rice |
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Term
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Definition
| long grains that do not stick together when cooked; from India |
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Definition
| short grain, sticks together when cooked; from Japan; used for sushi |
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Definition
| Large grain rice from Java, Indonesia |
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Term
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Definition
| "The Staff of Life"; oldest domesticated plant; wild wheat, diploid; modern grain is polyploid from genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| Tetraploid (4 sets) results in a free threshing natural mutant type known as durum wheat. |
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Definition
| Mutant type of Emmer wheat which is hexaploid (6 sets); used for flat bread; and it's endosperm is rich in protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex of proteins in the wheat grain; which yeast is added it allows the dough to rice; |
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Term
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Definition
| Ceres= Greek goddess of grain; Kellogg brothers made the first cereal after soaking and baking cereal grains; Post decided to copy them; |
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Term
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Definition
| Is nutritious but becomes rancid with age; |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a longer shelf life because the fat and oil have been removed; US is the leading producer |
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Term
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Definition
| Not good because the nutritious portion is removed, then coated with vitamins; |
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Definition
| "Indian Maize" Zea mays; Zea= "to live" in Greek; less protein than wheat, good amount of fiber and you DO NOT HAVE TO POLISH! Flowers are unisexual, monoecious, grains are larger, free from individual bracts; entire ear is cover with a large bract called husks; Gluten free; Basis for civilizations for Maya, Aztec and other Native America populations; used heavily in genetic studies |
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Term
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Definition
| Long styles of the female flower; long soft hairs; used for medicinal purposes in native American cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease developed if you eat only corn as a staple food because they lack amino acids; symptoms are: dysentery, dementia |
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Term
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Definition
| Avena sativa; eaten unrefined; highly nutritious; rich in soluble fiber, insoluble fiber; green portion is the chaff; oats are flatten before sold in market; EATEN UNREFINED |
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Term
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Definition
| Very soft and flaky oats important in Scotland |
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Term
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Definition
| Steamed oats; used to be popular in US until 1970 and is just recently coming back into popularity |
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Term
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Definition
| Sorghum bicolor; important staple in other parts of the world; similar to corn but have bisexual flowers; inflorescence are two colors; grown for grain, syrup, forage, and for making brooms |
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Term
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Definition
| "Broom corn capital of the world" |
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Term
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Definition
| Hordeum vulgare; one of the oldest domesticated crops, important in the Mediterranean region; used in baking, beer, and whiskey; pure starch and rich in protein; Very easily digested and used in soup; |
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Term
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Definition
| Finger: inflorescence resembles as popsicle; Pearl: white color; good source of amino acids, highly nutritious, contains a lot of lycine; grown in US as a forage grass or bird seed; Grown extensively in Africa, India, and China |
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Term
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Definition
| Secale cereale; "Poorman's wheat"; cold and drought tolerant; low in gluten; has to be mixed with 50% wheat; used for beer, whiskey, and vodka; good source of fiber; |
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Term
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Definition
| Triosecale; cross between wheat and rye; artificial hybrid; low in gluten and has beneficial qualities of both grains; |
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Term
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Definition
| Zizania palustris; wild, high in fiber, expensive and not related to regular rice; |
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Term
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Definition
| Saccharum officinarum; used to make ethanol; products include: Raw sugar (brown), molasses, powdered sugar, confectioner's sugar, brown sugar, granulated sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| 18th century; America--> Europe --> Africa --> West Indies; rum was used to pay for the slaves; |
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Term
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Definition
| Same as American (Britain and America switch spots); slaves paid for in silver |
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Term
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Definition
| Harvest festival of sugar in India; make a dish like pudding that will boil over |
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Term
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Definition
| Amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa |
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Term
| Switchgrass Pennisetum; Bamboo |
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Definition
Alternative ethanol source; not usable for food or anything else;
Construction |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Alkaloid; Benefits: stimulant, antioxidant, improves cognitive function, reduces colon cancer, reduces risk of Parkinson's disease; Risks: dehydration, insomnia, addictive |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1773, people angry about the taxation of tea enacted by the Tea Act dressed up as Mohawk Indians, boarded ships, and dumped out all the tea into Boston harbor. |
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Definition
| Camellia sinesis; Symbol of hospitality in China; India is the largest producer in the world; |
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Term
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Definition
| Top leaves of certain cultivars are fast dried to retain their silvery white color; Has less caffeine than green tea but has more nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| leaves are oxidized; Process: 1) Withering: hot, dry air is blown to remove moisture; 2) rolling: done by machine to release enzymes that activate fermentation process; 3) Fermentation: chemical oxidation where leaves turn coppery color; 4) Firing: Removes excess water; has stronger flavor and more caffeine |
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Term
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Definition
| Undergoes minimal processing/fermentation; contains less caffeine than black tea and more polyphenols; Process: Steam, rolled, and dried; no fermentation; lots of antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
| Semi-oxidized with greenish-brown leaves; "Black dragon tea"; popular during the Qing Dynasty; Preparation takes great skill |
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Term
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Definition
| Latest invention from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore; Added extract of SGS in broccoli to have benefits of both tea and broccoli |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1904: open-air convention in St. Louis it was very hot and Richard Blechynden decided to pour tea over ice; |
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Term
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Definition
| Broken leaf pieces are sieved and used in tea bags; abaca fibers from banana leaf fibers are used in modern tea bags; |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of a dry paste with a mix of tea leaves, sugar and milk was developed in 1885 by John Brown; Dry, powdered kind from the 1940's is popular in the U.S. |
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Term
| Tea Flavor: Theol and Tannins |
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Definition
| Theol is an essential oil that gives tea it's flavor and aroma; Tannins in the tea leaves cause the brown color; Stimulating effect is due to caffeine and theophylline |
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Term
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Definition
| Generic name for tea mostly used in India, Iran, and other parts of the world; |
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Term
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Definition
| variation of chai tea in India where the tea is mixed with aromatic spices, milk, and sugar; |
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Term
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Definition
| Coffea Arabica, Rubiaceae; Native to the mountains of Ethiopia; From two-seeded berries, known as "cherries"; clustered drupe; Goat herders in Ethiopia chews on leaves and berries to keep hunger and fatigue away; First brewed by Arabians and arrived in Yemen in 14th century; became popular in Europe by 1600's; |
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Definition
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Definition
| Coffee houses in England that functioned as meeting places for the exchange of news, business, and politics; Coffee was a penny ($0.01) a cup; Ex. Lloyds of London |
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Definition
| Boston 1669; had to get seeds from Arab countries who would dip the seeds in boiling water to keep it from germinating; Arabian monopoly until 1700; Most coffee is from South America; |
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Definition
| Evergreen, perennial, small bushes from Rubiaceae; Prefer abundant rainfall and cooler subtropical climate; Small, white, fragrant blossoms are bisexual; Red, shiny, two-seeded berries derive from inferior ovaries; symbol of hospitality |
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Definition
| Most prominent species of coffee grown in Latin America |
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Definition
| About 25% of coffee in the world; Contains more caffeine; grown in Asia and part of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| Yields bitter coffee; grown in Africa at lower altitudes; |
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Definition
| Coffee is surrounded by pulp, which has to be removed; a layer surrounds the coffee, parchment, has to be removed and can be used as a fertilizer |
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Term
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Definition
| All coffee berries together are crushed with pressure to remove the pulp, left with parchment and two seeds, parchment does have some pulp attached; ferment the beans for a while, then wash off; superior/mild coffee flavor; done mostly in South America |
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Term
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Definition
| Whole bean is left to dry; split the whole thing open, the two seeds come out; natural/hard coffee flavor; Done mostly in Africa |
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Term
| Roasting the Coffee Beans |
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Definition
| Determines the aroma and flavor; If roasted for a long time caffeol (an essential oil) is released |
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Term
| International Coffee Organization (ICO) |
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Definition
| Sets and regulates the production and price for the member nations |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by L. Roselius in 1903; still has trace amounts of caffeine; originally used chemicals like chlorine to take out caffeine but now reverse osmosis is used to remove caffeine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Japanese chemist in 1901; boiled huge amount of coffee and take the powder off the top |
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Term
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Definition
| Very concentrated form of coffee; use steam to get best out of coffee; should not be bitter; developed in France |
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Term
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Definition
| Espresso mixed with water |
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Term
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Definition
| Made with coffee, milk, and milk foam |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Espresso with milk and chocolate |
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Definition
| Most important export for 12 countries; Pope Clement VIII declared it a Christian beverage; Dutch were first to cultivate coffee commercially in Asia; Brazil is the leading producer |
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Term
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Definition
| "beans" are the seeds of the theobroma cacao trees from tropical forests of South America; from the family Sterculiaceae; theos= "god" and broma= "beverage"; Native to Central America and Mexico; "Food of the Gods' |
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Definition
| Esteemed beverage for Aztec people; originally spiced beverage that was frothy and thick; added chili pepper for spice |
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Term
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Definition
| Fruit pod is a large, football-shaped capsule with a fleshy, thick pericarp that ripens into a yellow-ish color; there are 20-60 "beans" per pod surrounded by a sticky sweet pulp |
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Definition
| Alkaloid found in chocolate, gives chocolate flavor and has a stimulating effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Oily paste from the chocolate, has no alcohol |
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Definition
| Africa leads the wold in chocolate tree cultivation; USA is a major producer of chocolate; Swiss consume the most chocolate; dark chocolate is a rich source of antioxidants |
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Definition
| Variety of drinks made from Kola nut (actually is a seed). Cola nitida (West Africa) from the family Sterculiaceae (same as chocolate); picked, fermented, and roasted |
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Term
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Definition
| a capsule, with seed surrounded by white pulp, processed like chocolate; has caffeine, kolanin (heart stimulant) and theobromine (trace amounts) |
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Definition
| Prepared in 1886 by Dr. John Styth Pamberton in Atlanta, Georgia; used water, color, kola seeds, and coca leave; recipe is locked up in an Atlanta bank vault |
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Definition
| Popular in Scotland; still uses some Kola extract |
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Definition
| Popular in California; used Kola extract, green tea, sugar, and vanilla |
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Definition
| Popular Peruvian soft drink made from other plant extracts, sugar, and flavorings; despite it's name it has no kola extracts |
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Definition
| Aquifoliaceae (Holly family); ancient drink of health and friendship in South America; made from leaves of Ilex species; drank from bottled gourd |
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Term
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Definition
| From the leaves of the yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria; Native american tea; sold for tea during the Civil war blockade; leaves are rich in caffeine; Aquifoliaceae family |
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Term
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Definition
| From the Aquifoliaceae family; Native to Ecuador; member of a different family; leaves are elongated; remove leaves and dip the whole thing in hot water; very high in caffeine and can be used multiple times; |
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Term
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Definition
| dry, roasted fleshy roots yield caffeine free powder; adds color, flavor, and reduced the caffeine in coffee; |
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Term
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Definition
| Caffeine-rich beverage prepared from the single-seeded fruits of Paullinia cupana; Plants are native to South America and found in wild and domesticated forms; Guarana soda is the national beverage of Brazil; also used to make Guarana bread |
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