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| Why does borrowing happen? |
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| Borrowing is facilitated by languages coming into contact, changes in the environment, cultural changes, new vocabulary, and speakers wanting to be prestigious |
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| copied by one language from another. Borrowing is not limited to one step: words are often copied by one language and then in turn copied from that language by another. |
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| From what Three Languages did English first borrow vocabulary? |
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| Latin-altar, angel, cleric, nun, temple, psalm, master, demon/ German-die, leg, want, get, both, give/ French-mansion, parliament, baron, manor, noble, liberty, government, arrest, judge, jury, prison, beef, lettuce |
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| In what four separate periods has English Borrowed from Latin? |
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| Germanic speaking areas (previously borrowed Latin. Christianity. Renaissance. French-largely of latin descent |
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| camp, well, pit, street, mile, cheap, wine, cup, dish |
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| Latin Roman Catholic Words |
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| alter, angel, anthem, candle, decon, disciple, hymn, lobster, prophet |
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| When did the Inkhorn Con. arise? |
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| In the early seventeenth century |
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| What was the nature of the "inkhorn terms?" |
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| • This started the debate about the artificial or “bookish” Latin vocabulary-the vocabulary coming from the inkhorn in place of natural/ Germanic vocabulary. |
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| How did social conditions at this time contribute tot he rise of the controversy? |
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| • The Renaissance marked a new great period of vocabulary expansion dictated by the need for new words to express the widening experiences and ideas of a rapidly developing nation. In the sixteenth century the influx of Latinate borrowings sparkled the “inkhorn controversy” – a heated discussion of the extent, to which it was permissible and proper to import words into English from other languages. |
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| Who objected to the use of the new vocabulary? |
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| • The controversy was, in effect, a debate about ways and means, by which functional elaboration of the vernacular could be achieved. The Elizabethans were beginning to take greater pride in their mother tongue as an important expression of national identity. Writers and poets no longer agreed with the earlier conception of the vernacular as an inadequate and humble linguistic medium and strove to assert the equality of their own language and literature with those of antiquity. |
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| • Give examples of some words that started out as inkhorn terms and stayed in the language, and other examples of inkhorn terms that didn’t last. |
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discretion/ exaggerate, expect, industrial, scheme-inkhorn terms that lasted
-contund/ effodicate- inkhorn terms that didn’t last |
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| a. What are the three most common methods of word formation in English? Give examples of each. |
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Compounding-combining words to form another word/ open compounds (new born) hyphenated compounds (new-born), and solid compounds (newborn).
Affixation-savage/ language/ baggage
Functional Conversion-using one part of speech as another-to head a department, to eye someone up, to nose into somebodies affairs, to neck with someone, to hand in an assignment |
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| Two minor methods of word formation in English? |
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Shortening (back formations, clips, acronyms)-combining the initial letters or words or syllables. TV, or TB
And BLENDING-like smog, motel. fusing two elements of words |
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| borrowed from italian clip |
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| narrowing-liek girl, use to be all genders, and meat use to be any food, and deer use to be any animal |
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| journey (any long trip) or place (use to mean street) |
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| shrewd-now means clever/ nice now means kind...use to be ignorant |
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| awful/ artificial. hierarchy-host of angels. |
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| What words are most susceptible to change? |
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| Words expressing evaluations. (it's dead/ way/ real cool) |
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| Why do words change meaning? |
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| Communication/ two words sharing semantic space, friction, competition, prestige |
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