Menelaus defeats Adrastos: What happens, Significance

-is about to ransom him

-Agamemnon intervenes and says kill him instead

-Agamemnon and Nestor: priority is killing the enemy over the acquisition of spoils, which is the opposite of usu. practice

Significance: even the bare minimum of civilized behaviour in combat is being ignored

Diomedes and Glaukos: What happens, Significance

-share a bond of xenia from their grandfathers

-agree to avoid each other in battle

-exchange armor; Diomedes gets the best of the exchange

-here one obtains status by giving and receiving w/out bloodshed and w/ out limit of zero-sum game mentality

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Bellerophon 

-Glaukos' grandfather

-typical pattern of events found in a hero's story

-robbed of his rightful kingdom he is forced to perform a number of great exploits to prove himself

Hector's return to Troy to give religious instructions is the poet's way of showing Hector...

as defender of the city 

the values/stakes involved for him and the Trojans

Hector's interaction w/ Hekabe, Helen, Andromache and Astyanax shows....

the effect of warfare on the city itself (women and children)

Helen's interaction w/ Hector

says she would rather be married to Hector than Paris

she suggests that the war was caused by Zeus to give fame to its participants

Andromache's interaction w/ Hector

Achilles has killed all of her birth family

his love for his wife is genuine, his adherence to the heroic code does not allow him to avoid the battle

Hector's interaction w/ Astyanax

image of Hector's helmet frightening the baby is a clear sign of the threat of war to family and to Astyanax himself

Hector's wish for his son is both typical of both the heroic code and to perpetuate success/status for one's family

War and the City

-Homer shows limited bias against the Trojans for being barbarians/foreigners

-Trojans largely share the same ethical values as the Greeks; thus there is no difficulty seeing the presentation of Troy and Hector's family as a rep. of any city affected by war

How does the Iliad glorify war?

war is a legitimate way for individuals to obtain glory

How does the Iliad criticize the heroic code/ war?

-innocents caught up in conflict for reputation

-heroic code can clash w/ other ethical values such as obligations to family and friends (philoi)

-poem's description of Hector's motiation shows that the warriors themselves are less than free agents, the heroic code limits their actions

-system is self-perpetuating and potentially endless; limited amount of wealth/status to go around, but no upper limit for an individual, many conflicts result fromt he simple premise of an eye for and eye, a tooth for a tooth