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| Bone marrow, endosteum and periosteium, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage |
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| How many bones in human body? |
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| Growth Factor storage in bone |
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| Insulin-like growth factors, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic proteins |
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| Yellow bone marrow = storage reserve of fatty acids |
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| Bone buffers blood by absorbing/releasing alkaline salts |
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| Store heavy metals and other foreign elements, remove from blood = reduce effects on tissues and release gradually later for excretion |
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| Fibroblast Growth Factor - 23 |
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Definition
| Produced in bone, reduces phosphate reabsorption in kidneys |
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| Produced in bone, hormone that contributes to regulation of blood glucose and fat deposition. Increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, boosts number of insulin-producing cells and reduces stores of fat |
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| Bone forming cells. Mononucleated that migrate and become entrapped in bone matrix to become osteocytes |
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| Protein misture mainly composed of Type I collagen that mineralizes to become bone. Secreted by osteoblasts |
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| secreted by osteoblasts, enzyme involved in mineralisation |
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| Form bone, matrix maintenance, calcium homeostasis, and mechano-sensory receptors for stress and mech. load |
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| Cells responsible for bone resorption, break down bone. Phagocytic like mechanisms. Derived from monocyte stem-cell lineage |
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| Resorption pits, large multinucleated cells on bone surfaces. Other name for osteoclasts |
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| Mechanism of action for osteoclasts, dissolves hydroxyapatite |
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| Polypeptide secreted by chief cells of parathyroid gland. Increase concentration of calcium in blood by stimulating osteoclasts. |
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Definition
| Indirect. PTH binds to osteoblasts and inhibits calcium deposition in bond |
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Definition
| enhances reabsorption of calcium and magnesium from distal tubules and thick ascending limb of kidneys. |
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| What enhances the production of activated vitamin D in the kidneys |
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Definition
| PTH, by increasing absorption of calcium in the intestine. WANT CALCIUM BACK. |
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Definition
| produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland. Protects against calcium loss during periods of calcium mobilization. Reduces blood calcium by opposing effects of PTH. Inhibit osteoclast activity, ca2+ absorption and renal reabsorption. |
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| Improper mineral depositon, lack of calcium intake/inadequate absorption of Ca from small intestine. Prevent/treat with Vitamin D |
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| Mineral/organic portions of bone are reduced. Caused by disruption of balance between bone formation/breakdown. |
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| calcium intake, weight-bearing exercise, vitamin D |
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| The only muscle type not striated is... |
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| Long, cylindrical multinucleated cells composed of actin and myosin. |
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| Repeats of myofibers. Basic unit of contraction, causes striated appearance |
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| Connective tissue that link bones to skeletal muscle |
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| Cylindrical organelles within muscle cells. Actomyosin. |
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| narrow region in center of A band, space between 2 filaments |
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| in center of H zone, proteins that link central regions of adjacent thick filaments |
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Definition
| 2 sets of thin filaments anchored to network of proteins. 2 successive z lines = sarcomere |
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Definition
| Contains portions of thin filaments that do not overlap thick filaments. Cross bridges extend from surface of myosin towards thin filaments |
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Definition
| Contains an actin binding site on each head. 6 protein subunits. Two heads and long tail/subunit. |
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Definition
| Forms 2 intertwined helical chains |
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| complex of 3 regulatory proteins |
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Definition
| Binding protein that regulates actin |
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Definition
| Formed by 2 heads of myosin |
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Definition
| Catalyze decomposition of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate to drive muscle contraction |
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Term
| Step 1 of cross bridge cycle |
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Definition
| Ca2+ levels high, ADP-Pi complex bound to actin that become entergized |
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Term
| Step 2 of cross bridge cycle |
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Definition
| Power stroke. Release of Pi causes cross-bridge to rotate forward and move towards H zone. Filament slides and ATP is released |
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Term
| Step 3 of cross-bridge cycle |
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Definition
| ATP binds to myosin causing cross-bridge to detach from actin |
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| Step 4 of cross -bridge cycle |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis of ATP re energizes the cross bridge. ADP and Pi remain bound to cross bridge. |
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Definition
| Junction of motor neuron axon and muscle fiber. Contains vesicles of ACh. Region of muscle fiber under axon terminal is folded to increase surface area. |
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Definition
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| Depolarization of muscle cell |
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Definition
| Sodium ions flow in after Nicotinic ACh receptor binds with ACh. |
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Definition
| Invaginations of plasma membrane that conduct action potential from outer surface to inner regions of muscle cell |
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Term
| Excitation contraction coupling |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle cells capable of generating/propagating action potentials via Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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| Contraction trigger in muscle cell |
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Definition
| Ca2+ increases, afterwards, ion pumps return Ca2+ to sarcoplasmic reticulum. Troponin and tropomyosin slide back in place and contraction stops |
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Term
| In the absence of Ca2+... |
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Definition
| Tropomyosin cover myosin-binding sites. |
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Term
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Definition
| Troponin binds Ca2+ and drags tropomyosin off of myosin-binding sites to induce contraction |
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Definition
Myosin with low ATPase activity (hydrolyzes ATP slowly)
Ability to make large amounts of ATP, therefore do not fatigue easily. Used for prolonged, regular activity. (red meat) |
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Definition
Myosin with high ATPase activity (hydrolyzes ATP quickly)
Can make large amounts of ATP and do not fatigue quickly. Suited for rapid actions such as rapid trilling bird noises/clicking sounds in rattlesnake tail |
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Definition
| Same between fast and slow fibers, only speed of these varies. |
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| Few mitochondria, but lots of glycolytic enzymes and large stores of glycogen (white meat). Limited use of oxygen, few blood vessels, little myoglobin. Best suited for rapid, intense actions, fatigue more rapidly than oxidative fibers |
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Definition
| Large number of mitochondria, high capacity for oxidative phosphorylation. Surrounded by many small blood vessels. Contain lots of myoglobin as an intracellular reservoir of O2 |
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Definition
| can produce increase in size of muscle fibers and their capacity for ATP production. Number of cells remain the same, they just get bigger |
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| Increase mito in slow-oxidative fibers by... |
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Definition
| aerobic exercise of low intensity but long duration. Increase number of blood vessels. Increase endurance with a minimum of fatigue |
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| Increase fast-glycolytic fibre contractions by... |
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Definition
| High intensity exercise of short duration. Fibers increase in diameter, elevated synthesis of glycolytic enzymes. Bulging muscles, but little capcity for endurance |
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